Isolation and characterization of zearalenone sulfate produced by Fusarium spp

Plasencia, Javier; Mirocha, C. J.

doi:10.1128/aem.57.1.146-150.1991

Cited by 97 publications

(64 citation statements)

References 24 publications

(16 reference statements)

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“…They comprise glucose and and sulphate conjugates of zearalenone and are known as 'masked' mycotoxins because they are not detected by the usual methods of analysis for zearalenone and its main metabolites. Such conjugates can be enzymatically cleaved to zearalenone in the GI tract of mammals such as pigs and rats (Gareis et al, 1990;Plasencia and Mirocha, 1991) and may therefore contribute to exposure to oestrogenically active substances from contaminated food and feed. It is not yet known with what frequency and at what concentrations such plant-specific metabolites may be present in contaminated food and feed.…”

Section: Toxicity In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

2011

EFSA Journal

346

142

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Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species. It is commonly found in maize but can be found also in other crops such as wheat, barley, sorghum and rye. The European Commission asked the European Food Safety Authority to review the safety of zearalenone and the risk to consumers of a possible increase of the maximum level (ML) for zearalenone in breakfast cereals. A total of 13,075 analytical results obtained on food samples and 9,877 results on unprocessed grains sampled by 19 European countries in 2005-2010 were used in the evaluation. The highest concentrations of zearalenone were reported for wheat bran, corn and products thereof (e.g. corn flour, cornflakes). Grains and grain-based foods, in particular grains and grain milling products, bread and fine bakery wares, made the largest contribution to the estimated zearalenone exposures. Vegetable oils also made an important contribution to the zearalenone exposure. The critical effects of zearalenone result from its oestrogenic activity. Based on recent data in the most sensitive animal species, the pig, and taking into account comparisons between pigs and humans, the Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain established a tolerable daily intake (TDI) for zearalenone of 0.25 μg/kg b.w. Estimates of chronic dietary exposure to zearalenone based on the available occurrence data are below or in the region of the TDI for all age groups and not a health concern. A potential increase in the ML for zearalenone in breakfast cereals from 50 µg/kg to 75, 100, 125 or 150 µg/kg is unlikely to result in a chronic dietary exposure exceeding the TDI. In a worst case scenario it is possible that an individual could consume the same batch of breakfast cereal containing zearalenone at the ML every day for 2 to 4 weeks, in which case exposures may exceed the TDI.

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Section: Toxicity In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

2011

EFSA Journal

346

142

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“…The formation of water soluble metabolites [40] or the conversion to zearalenone-glycosides induced by cooccurring Rhizopus fungi [41] frequently enhances the occurrence of masked mycotoxins. Degradation or inactivation of ZEA can mainly be achieved by application of chemical compounds like clay, activated carbon, montmorillonite or mannanoligosaccharides.…”

Section: Zea Biotransformationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Carry-Over of Mycotoxins in Products of Animal Origin with Special Regard to Its Implications for the European Food Safety Legislation

Völkel¹,

Schröer-Merker²,

Czerny

2011

FNS

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At present, carry-over research in mycotoxins experiences a change in focus. We reviewed the state-of-art knowledge regarding carry-over in aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, Fusarium toxins, patulin, ergot and citrinin. The common cooccurrence of mycotoxins demands for employment of multi-toxin analysis and poses a new challenge in reliable health hazard assessment. Synergies in adverse mycotoxin effects call for a revision of various guidance levels in feed. We found a lack of risk assessment regarding carry-over of rare mycotoxins and metabolites usually considered negligible

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“…Zearalenone (ZEN), a b-resorcylic acid lactone, is produced by several species of Fusarium, including Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium crookwellense (Di Menna et al, 1991;Plasencia & Mirocha, 1991), which infests grain cereals such as maize and wheat (Schollenberger et al, 2006). The infected host plant as well as other fungal species can transform ZEN into different conjugated forms which are primarily sulfate and glucoside esters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studies on the metabolism of ZEN by Rhizopus and Thamnidium species have shown the formation of ZEN-14-Glc and ZEN-14,16-O-b-diglucoside (Kamimura, 1986;El-Sharkawy, 1989). ZEN-14sulfate (ZEN-14-S) was found to be a natural metabolite of Fusarium graminearum, Rhizopus arrhizus, and Aspergillus niger (El-Sharkawy et al, 1991;Plasencia & Mirocha, 1991;Jard et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biotransformation of the mycotoxin zearalenone by fungi of the generaRhizopusandAspergillus

Brodehl

Møller

Kunte

et al. 2014

FEMS Microbiol Lett

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Zearalenone (ZEN) is a nonsteroidal estrogenic mycotoxin biosynthesized by various Fusarium fungi. These fungal species frequently infest grains; therefore, ZEN represents a common contaminant in cereal products. The biotransformation of ZEN differs significantly from species to species, and several metabolites are known to be formed by animals, plants, and microorganisms. The aim of the present study was to investigate the microbial conversion of ZEN by species of the genera Rhizopus and Aspergillus representing relevant fungi for food processing (e.g. fermentation). To monitor the ZEN metabolism, ZEN was added to liquid cultures of the different fungal species. After a period of 3 days, the media were analyzed by HPLC-MS/MS for metabolite formation. Two Aspergillus oryzae strains and all seven Rhizopus species were able to convert ZEN into various metabolites, including ZEN-14-sulfate as well as ZEN-O-14- and ZEN-O-16-glucoside. Microbial transformation of ZEN into the significantly more estrogenic α-zearalenol (α-ZEL) was also observed. Additionally, a novel fungal metabolite, α-ZEL-sulfate, was detected. Semi-quantification of the main metabolites indicates that more than 50% of initial ZEN may be modified. The results show that fungal strains have the potential to convert ZEN into various metabolites leading to a masking of the toxin, for example in fermented food.

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Isolation and characterization of zearalenone sulfate produced by Fusarium spp

Cited by 97 publications

References 24 publications

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food

The Carry-Over of Mycotoxins in Products of Animal Origin with Special Regard to Its Implications for the European Food Safety Legislation

Biotransformation of the mycotoxin zearalenone by fungi of the generaRhizopusandAspergillus

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