Isolation and Characterization of Two Novel Phosphodiesterase PDE11A Variants Showing Unique Structure and Tissue-specific Expression

Abstract

cDNAs encoding a novel phosphodiesterase, phosphodiesterase 11A (PDE11A), were isolated by a combination of reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using degenerate oligonucleotide primers and rapid amplification of cDNA ends. Their catalytic domain was identical to that of PDE11A1 (490 amino acids) reported during the course of this study. However, the cDNAs we isolated had N termini distinct from PDE11A1, indicating two novel N-terminal variants of PDE11A. PDE11A3 cDNA encoded a 684-amino acid protein including one complete and one incomplete GAF domain in the Nterminal region. PDE11A4 was composed of 934 amino acids including two complete GAF domains and shared 630 C-terminal amino acids with PDE11A3 but had a distinct N terminus containing the putative phosphorylation sites for cAMP-and cGMP-dependent protein kinases. PDE11A3 transcripts were specifically expressed in testis, whereas PDE11A4 transcripts were particularly abundant in prostate. Recombinant PDE11A4 expressed in COS-7 cells hydrolyzed cAMP and cGMP with K m values of 3.0 and 1.4 M, respectively, and the V max value with cAMP was almost twice that with cGMP. Although PDE11A3 showed the same K m values as PDE11A4, the relative V max values of PDE11A3 were approximately one-sixth of those of PDE11A4. PDE11A4, but not PDE11A3, was phosphorylated by both cAMPand cGMP-dependent protein kinases in vitro. Thus, the PDE11A gene undergoes tissue-specific alternative splicing that generates structurally and functionally distinct gene products. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs)1 metabolize cAMP and cGMP, which are second messengers regulating many functions in various cells and tissues. Based on their amino acid sequence homology, biochemical properties, and inhibitor profiles, many kinds of PDEs have been identified in mammalian tissues (1-3). The PDE1 family is Ca 2ϩ /calmodulindependent and hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP. PDE2 is stimulated by cGMP and hydrolyzes cAMP and cGMP, while PDE3 is cGMP-inhibited. The cAMP-specific and rolipram-sensitive PDEs belong to the PDE4 family. PDE5 is a cGMPbinding, cGMP-specific PDE. The photoreceptor cGMP PDEs are in the PDE6 family. PDE7 is cAMP-specific and rolipraminsensitive. PDE8 is a cAMP-specific PDE, and PDE9 is a cGMP-specific PDE (3-8). Recently, we revealed a new member of the PDE group, PDE10A, which hydrolyzes both cAMP and cGMP (9). Some of these PDEs constitute subfamilies encoded by distinct genes. In each PDE family, alternative splice variants have been reported (1, 10, 11). In many cases, different gene products and alternative splice variants in each PDE family show different expression patterns in tissues and different subcellular localization (1,(12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22). PDEs encoded by alternatively spliced mRNAs have been reported to differ in their regulation by some kinases including cAMP-dependent protein kinase (cAK) and cGMP-dependent kinase (cGK) and associated proteins (19, 23). Thus, cyclic nucleotide levels are controlled by a complex system. Each ...

Phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors: a biochemical and clinical correlation survey

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Phosphodiesterase 11A in brain is enriched in ventral hippocampus and deletion causes psychiatric disease-related phenotypes

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Subcellular Localization of Cyclic Nucleotide Phosphodiesterase Type 10A Variants, and Alteration of the Localization by cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase-dependent Phosphorylation

“…The unique amino-terminal region of PDE10A2 is phosphorylated by the catalytic subunit of PKA in vitro (14). In other PDE families, many splice variants show different tissue expression patterns and distinct subcellular localization and are subjected to unique regulation by protein kinases and associated proteins (8,(17)(18)(19)(20). For example, whereas phosphorylation of the amino terminus of the PDE4D3 variant by PKA increases its activity (21-23), PDE4D3 is inactivated by extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated phosphorylation in vivo (24).…”