Isolation and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from Ixodes persulcatus in Mongolia in 2012

Muto, Memi; Boldbaatar, Bazartseren; Bazartseren, Tsevel; Dashzevge, Erdenechimeg; Yoshii, Kentaro; Kariwa, Hiroaki

doi:10.1016/j.ttbdis.2015.05.006

Cited by 24 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(36 reference statements)

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“…This may prove problematic in Mongolia, where TBEV infections commonly presents with fever and meningitis-like symptoms, and is considered a high risk disease in Selenge. However, our analysis of ticks in this region indicated only one positive I. persulcatus pool for TBEV (1.9%), which matches similar reports of TBEV from other studies in this region [ 11 , 19 ]. This is in contrast to the 92.5% positive pool detection prevalence or 46.6% tick infection rate based on MLE, of “ Candidatus R. tarasevichiae” from the same tick pools.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Previous entomological surveys focusing on ticks in Mongolia have reported a countrywide distribution of D. nuttalli , while H. asiaticum and I. persulcatus have clearly defined ecological niches on opposite sides of Mongolia [ 23 ], thus influencing the geographical distribution of species-specific tick-borne diseases. Living in close proximity to coniferous regions in the northern aimags of Mongolia likely remains a significant risk factor for exposure to diseases transmitted by I. persulcatus hard ticks [ 7 , 11 , 12 , 19 , 20 , 24 – 26 ]. Rickettsia raoultii detection among D. nuttalli ticks were observed in all five sampling districts, suggesting a wider distribution of disease, even extending into China as indicated by other reports [ 21 , 27 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distribution and molecular characteristics of rickettsiae found in ticks across Central Mongolia

Boldbaatar¹,

Jiang

Fricken

et al. 2017

Parasites Vectors

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BackgroundLittle is known regarding tick-borne diseases in Mongolia, despite having 26% of the population still living nomadic pastoral lifestyles. A total of 1497 adult unfed ticks: 261 Ixodes persulcatus, 795 Dermacentor nuttalli, and 441 Hyalomma asiaticum, were collected from three ecologically distinct regions in Central Mongolia. Tick pools (n = 299) containing ~5 ticks each, were tested for Rickettsia and Tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) using nested polymerase chain reaction, reverse transcription-PCR, and quantitative real-time RT-PCR.ResultsAssays yielded pooled prevalence of 92.5% (49/53) and 1.9% (1/53) for pooled I. persulcatus testing positive for “Candidatus Rickettsia tarasevichiae” and TBEV, respectively, while Rickettsia raoultii was found in 72.8% (115/158) of pooled D. nuttalli samples. When calculating a maximum likelihood estimation, an estimated 46.6% (95% CI: 35.2–63.6%) of I. persulcatus ticks in the pooled sample were infected with “Candidatus R. tarasevichiae”.ConclusionsBoth “Candidatus R. tarasevichiae” and R. raoultii are recognized as emerging tick-borne pathogens, with this being one of the first reports of “Candidatus R. tarasevichiae” in Mongolia. Given that “Candidatus R. tarasevichiae” shares the same vector (I. persulcatus) as TBEV, and infections may present with similar symptoms, Mongolian physicians treating suspected cases of TBEV should include “Candidatus R. tarasevichiae” infection in their differential diagnosis and consider prescribing antimicrobial therapy.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Distribution and molecular characteristics of rickettsiae found in ticks across Central Mongolia

Boldbaatar¹,

Jiang

Fricken

et al. 2017

Parasites Vectors

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“…The most commonly used taxonomic term for dividing TBEV species into lower taxonomic levels is a "subtype" [6,13,21,[55][56][57]. Clusters with significant statistical support were observed within the subtype, further termed as "subtype groups" or "subgroups".…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The European subtype has been found in the territory of South Korea [8], Altai, and Irkutsk Region. The Siberian variant circulates in Scandinavia [9], the Baltic [10], Sakhalin [11], Bosnia [12], and Central Asia [13,14]. The Far-Eastern subtype has been detected in Southern Siberia, in the Urals, in the Baltic [10], and in Moldova [15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: An Emerging Ancient Zoonosis?

Deviatkin

Kholodilov

Vakulenko

et al. 2020

Viruses

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Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is one of the most important viral zoonosis transmitted by the bite of infected ticks. In this study, all tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) E gene sequences available in GenBank as of June 2019 with known date of isolation (n = 551) were analyzed. Simulation studies showed that a sample bias could significantly affect earlier studies, because small TBEV datasets (n = 50) produced non-overlapping intervals for evolutionary rate estimates. An apparent lack of a temporal signal in TBEV, in general, was found, precluding molecular clock analysis of all TBEV subtypes in one dataset. Within all subtypes and most of the smaller groups in these subtypes, there was evidence of many medium- and long-distance virus transfers. These multiple random events may play a key role in the virus spreading. For some groups, virus diversity within one territory was similar to diversity over the whole geographic range. This is best exemplified by the virus diversity observed in Switzerland or Czech Republic. These two countries yielded most of the known European subtype Eu3 subgroup sequences, and the diversity of viruses found within each of these small countries is comparable to that of the whole Eu3 subgroup, which is prevalent all over Central and Eastern Europe. Most of the deep tree nodes within all three established TBEV subtypes dated less than 300 years back. This could be explained by the recent emergence of most of the known TBEV diversity. Results of bioinformatics analysis presented here, together with multiple field findings, suggest that TBEV may be regarded as an emerging disease.

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“…Piroplasms were detected in ticks (Battsetseg et al 2001(Battsetseg et al , 2002Boldbaatar et al 2005;Tuvshintulga et al 2015Tuvshintulga et al , 2016Karnath et al 2016), livestock (Avarzed et al 1997;Ruegg et al 2007;Altangerel et al 2011Altangerel et al , 2012Sivakumar et al 2012;Munkhjargal et al 2013;Yoshinari et al 2013) and humans (Hong et al 2014) in Mongolia. TBEV was isolated from ticks (Frey et al 2012) and detected in humans in Mongolia (Walder et al 2006;Khasnatinov et al 2010;Muto et al 2015). However, most of these studies were limited in sample size, the pathogens detected or geographical coverage and most of them did not consider multiple infections in ticks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some aspects on tick species in Mongolia and their potential role in the transmission of equine piroplasms, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi L.

et al. 2018

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Ticks are cosmopolitan vectors of numerous diseases, and detection of various pathogens in ticks can help to assess their distribution. In the current study, 528 adult ticks were collected from grazing animals or the ground in ten different Mongolian provinces. Dermacentor nuttalli constituted 76.1% of them and was found in all ecozones except the eastern desert. Dermacentor marginatus (8.3%), Dermacentor silvarum (1.1%) and Ixodes persulcatus (3.0%) were found in the northern forest areas and Hyalomma asiaticum (11.4%) only in the southern (semi-)desert. Of these, 359 ticks were subjected to DNA extraction and PCR was carried out to detect various pathogens. Anaplasma spp. was found in D. marginatus and D. nuttalli (2.5% positive each), including flagged specimen and identified as Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Borrelia spp. were found in 2.5% of the ticks (mostly in I. persulcatus) and identified as Borrelia garinii. Babesia spp. (40%) identified as Babesia caballi were detected in all five tick species including flagged Dermacentor spp. and I. persulcatus, and 3.5% of the ticks (all species except D. silvarum) were positive for Theileria spp. identified as Theileria equi. The piroplasms were found in all provinces. Tick-borne encephalitis virus was not detected. The results highlight the high risk of equine piroplasmosis in Mongolia, which is a concern for both the nomadic population who rely on horses for transport and for conservation of Przewalski's horses in Mongolia. In addition, zoonotic agents such as the avian B. garinii and A. phagocytophilum were also detected, outlining a high risk for exposed humans.

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Isolation and characterization of tick-borne encephalitis virus from Ixodes persulcatus in Mongolia in 2012

Cited by 24 publications

References 30 publications

Distribution and molecular characteristics of rickettsiae found in ticks across Central Mongolia

Distribution and molecular characteristics of rickettsiae found in ticks across Central Mongolia

Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus: An Emerging Ancient Zoonosis?

Some aspects on tick species in Mongolia and their potential role in the transmission of equine piroplasms, Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi L.

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