“…In recent years, a number of molecular markers have been employed in orchardgrass for genetic diversity evaluation, genetic mapping, and quantitative trait locus analysis. These types of molecular techniques included random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) (Kölliker et al, 1999;Tuna et al, 2004), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) (Reeves et al, 1998;Peng et al, 2008), inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) (Zeng et al, 2006), sequence-related amplified polymorphism (Zeng et al, 2008;Xie et al, 2011), simple sequence repeats (SSRs) (Hirata et al, 2011;Xie et al, 2011Xie et al, , 2012, and expressed sequence tag-SSRs (Xie et al, 2010;Bushman et al, 2011). These marker systems are useful for biodiversity analyses, phylogenetic studies, germplasm management, cultivar identification, and other applications (Semagn et al, 2006;Luo et al, 2010).…”