Isolation and Characterization of Plant Cell Walls and Cell Wall Components

York, William S.; Darvill, Alan G.; McNeil, Michael; Stevenson, Thomas T.; Albersheim, Peter

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-743655-5.50007-5

Cited by 368 publications

(488 citation statements)

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“…The monosaccharide composition of the wall material, derived from leaves of 4-week-old Arabidopsis plants (greenhouse, 16-h light period, $23°C), was determined by acid hydrolysis and derivatization of the resulting monosaccharides to alditol acetates followed by gas chromatographic analysis (York et al 1985).…”

Section: Chemical Analysis Of the Cell Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

The inositol oxygenase gene family of Arabidopsis is involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugar precursors for cell-wall matrix polysaccharides

Kanter

Usadel

Guérineau

et al. 2005

Planta

133

141

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The nucleotide sugar UDP-glucuronic acid (UDP-GlcA) is the principal precursor for galacturonic acid, xylose, apiose and arabinose residues of the plant cell-wall polymers. UDP-GlcA can be synthesized by two different functional pathways in Arabidopsis involving either UDP-glucose dehydrogenase or inositol oxygenase as the initial enzyme reaction to channel carbohydrates into a pool of UDP sugars used for cellwall biosynthesis. The genes for the enzyme myo-inositol oxygenase (MIOX) were analyzed in Arabidopsis. They represent a small gene family containing four members. The transcription of all those members indicates a transient and organ-specific gene expression pattern in growing plant tissues as analyzed by RT-PCR and in promoter::GUS reporter gene lines. Two isoforms (MIOX1, MIOX2) are expressed in almost all tissues of the plant, whereas the expression of MIOX4 and MIOX5 is largely restricted to flowers, particularly maturing pollen. T-DNA insertion lines in MIOX genes were isolated; however, single knock-outs show growth phenotypes similar to the wild type. The monosaccharide composition of the cell wall in these mutants is not significantly changed compared to wild type plants. However, the incorporation of 3 H-inositol into wall polymers of seedlings is greatly impaired in the mutant lines DMIOX1 and DMIOX2, which are the only isoforms that are expressed in seedlings.

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Section: Chemical Analysis Of the Cell Wallmentioning

confidence: 99%

The inositol oxygenase gene family of Arabidopsis is involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugar precursors for cell-wall matrix polysaccharides

Kanter

Usadel

Guérineau

et al. 2005

Planta

133

141

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“…The expected fatty acyl components of 3-OHC12:0, 3-OHC14:0 and C12:0 and the absence of membrane phospholipids was assessed by mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) (Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA). Purified endotoxins were quantified and standardized based on the number of lipid A molecules per sample [14]. LOS was resuspended in pyrogen free water with 0.5% triethylamine, vortexed for at least 5 min, boiled for 1 hr at 65°C, then sonicated for 30 min in a water bath sonicator (L&R, Transistor/Ultrasonic T-14) to enhance solubility.…”

Section: Los Purification and Quantitationmentioning

confidence: 99%

TLR4-dependent adjuvant activity of Neisseria meningitidis lipid A

Zughaier

Steeghs

Ley³

et al. 2007

Vaccine

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The adjuvant activity of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B lipopoly(oligo)saccharide (LOS) from wild-type and genetically-defined LOS mutants and unglycosylated meningococcal lipid A was assessed in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. Meningococcal lipid A, a weak agonist for TLR4/MD-2 in human macrophages, was found to have adjuvant activity similar to that of wild-type and KDO 2 -lipid A LOS in C3H/HeN mice. All meningococcal LOS structures as adjuvants induced high titers of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b but very little IgG3 to OMP compared to no adjuvant PBS controls. In addition, induced OMP antibodies were shown to have high bactericidal activity against serogroup B meningococci. Purified LOS and lipid A structures failed to induce any adjuvant activity in C3H/ HeJ mice indicating that meningococcal LOS as an adjuvant was TLR4-dependent. Unglycosylated meningococcal lipid A because of its weak agonist activity for human macrophages and retention of adjuvant activity may be a candidate for use in serogroup B meningococcal OMP and OMV vaccines and for use as an adjuvant in other vaccines.

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“…A general procedure for the preparation of trimethylsilyl ethers of methyl glycosides and long-chain bases has been described [23][24][25][26]. Accordingly, 500/11 of 0.6 N anhydrous methanolic HC1 was added to a freeze dried PHF sample aliquot (300/11 out of 1 ml total volume) or to 2 mg sugar standard.…”

Section: Preparation Of Trimethylsilyl Ethers Of Methyl Glycosides Anmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The monosaccharide composition of prcPHF and control glycolipid samples was determined by GC/MS of alditol acetate derivatives [25]. Accordingly, a PHF or control sample aliquot (300/.tl out of 1 ml total volume) was freeze dried and then hydrolyzed by resuspending in 2 M triftuoroacetic acid in a sealed tube at 75°C for 2 h. The acid was evaporated under a flow of argon and residual acetic acid was eliminated by addition of isopropanol, followed by blowing to dryness with argon (2 × 250 ~1).…”

Section: Gc/ms Analysis Ofalditol Acetatesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the core components of Alzheimer paired helical filaments A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of fatty acids, carbohydrates and long‐chain bases

1995

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We have carried out a fatty acid and carbohydrate compositional analysis of the protease-resistant core of paired helical filaments (prcPHF) isolated from six Alzheimer's diseased brains. Fatty acids, long-chain bases and monosaccharides were characterized by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/ MS) of fatty acid methyl esters, trimethylsilylated long-chain bases, peraeetylated alditol acetates and trimethylsilyl methyl glycosides. Glucose and mannose were found to be the only carbohydrate components. Four of the six prcPHF samples contained only glucose while the remaining two samples contained between 30--40% mannose in addition to glucose. None of the samples were found to contain either hydroxylated fatty acids or long-chain bases. The average fatty acid profile of prcPHF was highest in stearic (C18:0) and palmitic acids (C16:0) with less than 10% unsaturated fatty acids. By comparing the carbohydrate and lipid composition of prcPHF to similar data for other brain glycolipids, it was determined that prcPHF is a unique glycolipid, distinct from cerebrosides, gangliosides or brain phospbolipids. The fatty acid and carbohydrate composition of a glycolipid isolated from a population of normal brains according to the prcPHF protocol was found be identical to that of prcPHF glycolipid. It is possible that subtle differences in structure or indigenous factors are responsible for the initiation of PHF formation in vivo.

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Isolation and Characterization of Plant Cell Walls and Cell Wall Components

Cited by 368 publications

References 0 publications

The inositol oxygenase gene family of Arabidopsis is involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugar precursors for cell-wall matrix polysaccharides

The inositol oxygenase gene family of Arabidopsis is involved in the biosynthesis of nucleotide sugar precursors for cell-wall matrix polysaccharides

TLR4-dependent adjuvant activity of Neisseria meningitidis lipid A

Analysis of the core components of Alzheimer paired helical filaments A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of fatty acids, carbohydrates and long‐chain bases

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