Isolation and characterization of lipopolysaccharides from cell walls of blue-green algae of the genus Phormidium

Abstract

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) fractions were isolated from three species of bluegreen algae of the genus Phormidium, namely, P. africanum, P. laminosum, and P. uncinatum, by using a phenol-water procedure followed by exhaustive extraction with ammonium oxalate. The materials obtained were shown to be closely related biochemically. Nearly 60% of the LPS consisted of the polysaccharides galactose, glucose, mannose, xylose, arabinose, and rhamnose and an unidentified, fast-moving sugar residue. In addition, glucosamine, galactosamine, and 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate were detected. Oleic, stearic, and palmitic acids were found in the hydrolysate ofthe lipid component, which averaged 1.5% of the LPS. Concomitantly, the protein component (7 to 20%) was shown to contain the following amino acids: aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, proline, glycine, alanine, valine, methionine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, lysine, histidine, and arginine. Whole cells, as well as the LPS, of Phormidium possessed antigenic properties.

A cyanobacterial LPS antagonist prevents endotoxin shock and blocks sustained TLR4 stimulation required for cytokine expression

“…shown to be nontoxic when injected into mice (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Extracts from fi lamentous cyanobateria other than Oscillatoria Planktothrix FP1 (Oscillatoria Neglecta, environmentally isolated Oscillatoria Sp.…”

“…LPS derived from cyanobacteria and from Gram-negative bacteria diff ers in both chemical and biological characteristics. In general, LPS from cyanobacteria lacks l-glycero-d-mannoheptose and phosphate groups, has long-chain saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, and very low content of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate (15)(16)(17)(18)(19). Furthermore, cyanobacterial LPS shows minimal or no toxicity in mice, whereas no data are available concerning its activity on human cells (16,17).…”

Monosaccharide composition of the outer membrane lipopolysaccharide and O-chain from the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa NIES-87

“…For example, recent studies have indicated that cyanobacterial LPS lacks strong endotoxic activity because of lipid A structures that differ from those generally conserved among proteobacteria (Rapala et al 2002;Stewart et al 2006). In addition, almost all cyanobacterial LPSs are devoid of 3-deoxy-D-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid (KDO), heptose and phosphate components (Weckesse et al 1974;Mikheyskaya et al 1977;Schmidt et al 1980a;Hoiczyk and Hansel 2000), which are commonly observed in the R-core region of proteobacterial LPS. Instead, other saccharide units such as glucose are the main components of some cyanobacterial LPS (Snyder et al 2009).…”

Trimethylsilyl‐sugar profiles of Streptococcus milleri and Streptococcus mitis

“…Alternative derivatives for carbohydrate analysis have included aldonitrile acetates (Mikheyskaya et al 1977), o-alkylalditol acetates (Yamaguchi & Okamoto 1977), alditol acetates (Cooper et al 1975) and methyl alditol acetates (Freedman et al 1978).…”