Isolation and Characterization of Hepatoprotective Xanthones from the Fruits of Hovenia acerba

Hovenia acerba Lindl.: An insight into botany, phytochemistry, bioactivity, quality control, and exploitation

“…Flavonoids include flavonoid glycosides and flavonoid aglycones based on their chemical structure and biogenic pathway. Till now, 39 flavonoids were isolated from this plant, and they were identified as kaempferol ( 1 ) (Sha & Ding, 2001), quercetin ( 2 ) (Sha & Ding, 2001), myricetin ( 3 ) (Sha & Ding, 2001), laricetrin ( 4 ) (Song et al, 2016), 4′,5,7‐trihydroxy‐3′,5′,‐dimethoxyflavanone ( 5 ) (Sha & Ding, 2001), apigenin ( 6 ) (Sha & Ding, 2001), 5,7‐dihydroxy‐3′,4′,5′‐trimethoxyflavanone ( 7 ) (Wu & Zhang, 2013), (2 R ,3 R )‐dihydromyricetin ( 8 ) (Ding et al, 1997), (2 R ,3 R )‐dihydrokaempferol ( 9 ) (Ding et al, 1997), (2 R ,3 R )‐3,3′,5,5′,7‐pentahydroflavanone ( 10 ) (Ding et al, 1997), havenitin I ( 11 ) (Xie et al, 2012), (−)‐taxifolin ( 12 ) (Gao et a., 2016), (+)‐taxifolin ( 13 ) (Gao et a., 2016), havenitin II ( 14 ) (Xie et al, 2012), havenitin III ( 15 ) (Xie et al, 2012), (−)‐epicatechin ( 16 ) (Wu & Zhang, 2013), naringenin ( 17 ) (Shen, 2007), (+)‐eriodictyol ( 18 ) (Xu, 2011), (−)‐gallocatechin ( 19 ) (Xu, 2011), myricetin 3‐O‐ β ‐D‐glucopyranosside ( 20 ) (Xu, 2011), vitexin 2”‐O‐ β ‐D‐glucopyranosside ( 21 ) (Xu, 2011), isovitexin 2”‐O‐ β ‐D‐glucopyranosside ( 22 ) (Xu, 2011), isopinosin ( 23 ) (Xu, 2011), phloretin‐3′,5′‐di‐C‐ β ‐D‐glucopyranosside ( 24 ) (Xu, 2011), isoquercetin ( 25 ) (Liang & Ding, 1996a), kaempferol‐3‐O‐ α ‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 6)‐ β ‐D‐galactopyranosside ( 26 ) (Liang & Ding, 1996a), quercetin‐3‐O‐ α ‐L‐rhamnopyranosyl (1 → 6) ‐ β ‐D‐galactopyranosside ( 27 ) (Liang & Ding, 1996a), spinosin ( 28 ) (Song et al, 2016), 6‴‐acetylspinosin ( 29 ) (Song et al, 2016), 6‴‐ p ‐hydroxy‐cinnamoylspinosin ( 30 ) (Song et al, 2016), 6‴‐feruloylspinosin ( 31 ) (Song et al, 2016), 6‴‐sinapoylspinosin ( 32 ) (Song et al, 2016), 1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐geranyl‐4‐isoprenyl‐5‐prenyl‐11,12‐dimethylpyranoxanthen‐10‐one ( 33 ) (Ma et al, 2022), garcibracteamone A ( 34 ) (Ma et al, 2022), garcibracteamone B ( 35 ) (Ma et al, 2022), garcibracteamone C ( 36 ) (Ma et al, 2022), garcihomxanthone ( 37 ) (Ma et al, 2022), dulcisxanthone K ( 38 ) (Ma et al, 2022), oliganthaxanthone C ( 39 ) (Ma et al,…”