“…Fungal endophytes were isolated from the roots of healthy apple trees immediately after collection. The isolation protocol was optimized as described in Su et al [38] and Manias et al [39]. The roots were washed under running tap water for 5 min to remove adhering soil particles.…”
Section: Isolation Of Endophytic Fungi Antagonistic To Mr5 and Verifi...mentioning
A study was conducted for endophytic antagonistic fungi obtained from the roots of healthy apple trees growing in nine replanted orchards in Shandong Province, China. The fungi were assessed for their ability to inhibit Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5, a fungal strain associated with apple replant disease (ARD). An effective endophyte, designated as strain 6S-2, was isolated and identified as Trichoderma asperellum. Strain 6S-2 demonstrated protease, amylase, cellulase, and laccase activities, which are important for the parasitic and antagonistic functions of pathogenic fungi. The inhibition rate of 6S-2 against Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5 was 52.41%. Strain 6S-2 also secreted iron carriers, auxin, ammonia and was able to solubilize phosphorus. Its fermentation extract and volatile substances inhibited the growth of MR5, causing its hyphae to twist, shrink, swell, and rupture. The antifungal activity of the 6S-2 fermentation extract increased with increasing concentrations. It promoted the production and elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots, and the strongest effects were seen at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. A GC-MS analysis of the 6S-2 fermentation extract and volatile substances showed that they comprised mainly alkanes, alcohols, and furanones, as well as the specific volatile substance 6-PP. The application of 6S-2 spore suspension to replanted apple orchard soils reduced plant oxidative damage and promoted plant growth in a pot experiment. Therefore, the endophytic strain T. asperellum 6S-2 has the potential to serve as an effective biocontrol fungus for the prevention of ARD in China, and appears to promote plant growth.
“…Fungal endophytes were isolated from the roots of healthy apple trees immediately after collection. The isolation protocol was optimized as described in Su et al [38] and Manias et al [39]. The roots were washed under running tap water for 5 min to remove adhering soil particles.…”
Section: Isolation Of Endophytic Fungi Antagonistic To Mr5 and Verifi...mentioning
A study was conducted for endophytic antagonistic fungi obtained from the roots of healthy apple trees growing in nine replanted orchards in Shandong Province, China. The fungi were assessed for their ability to inhibit Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5, a fungal strain associated with apple replant disease (ARD). An effective endophyte, designated as strain 6S-2, was isolated and identified as Trichoderma asperellum. Strain 6S-2 demonstrated protease, amylase, cellulase, and laccase activities, which are important for the parasitic and antagonistic functions of pathogenic fungi. The inhibition rate of 6S-2 against Fusarium proliferatum f. sp. malus domestica MR5 was 52.41%. Strain 6S-2 also secreted iron carriers, auxin, ammonia and was able to solubilize phosphorus. Its fermentation extract and volatile substances inhibited the growth of MR5, causing its hyphae to twist, shrink, swell, and rupture. The antifungal activity of the 6S-2 fermentation extract increased with increasing concentrations. It promoted the production and elongation of Arabidopsis thaliana lateral roots, and the strongest effects were seen at a concentration of 50 mg/mL. A GC-MS analysis of the 6S-2 fermentation extract and volatile substances showed that they comprised mainly alkanes, alcohols, and furanones, as well as the specific volatile substance 6-PP. The application of 6S-2 spore suspension to replanted apple orchard soils reduced plant oxidative damage and promoted plant growth in a pot experiment. Therefore, the endophytic strain T. asperellum 6S-2 has the potential to serve as an effective biocontrol fungus for the prevention of ARD in China, and appears to promote plant growth.
“…Wide arrays of the diversity of endophytic fungus/bacteria have been identified to be isolated from the plant growing in the desert area. Endophytes are known to possess several beneficial traits for plants like secondary metabolite production that promotes plant growth, provides protection from pathogens and abiotic stress, and also facilitates the uptake of nutrients [ 16 ]. Fig.…”
Section: Isolation Of Endophytic Fungi From Desert Plantsmentioning
Highlights
Endophytes act as chemical synthesizers of the secondary metabolites of the host plant.
Endophytic microflora has been isolated from a wide array of plants.
It can serve as a good alternative source for pharmaceutically important compounds.
The arid ecosystem of Thar Desert is a rich repository of ethnomedicinal plants.
Role of endophytes in the synthesis of bioactive molecules used to enhance production.
“…At the moment, no protocols are available to monitor the presence of G . castaneae in chestnut tissues other than the classical biological detection through isolation in pure culture, highly specific but of low sensitivity (Manias et al, 2020). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) represents a powerful, accessible tool to address this issue.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The possibility of monitoring the distribution of the inoculum in the different tissues and the patterns of endophytic inoculum accumulation as a function of host phenology and environmental parameters is a paramount requirement in clarifying the biology of the fungus and understanding the ability of this organism to shift from an endophytic to a pathogenic phase. At the moment, no protocols are available to monitor the presence of G. castaneae in chestnut tissues other than the classical biological detection through isolation in pure culture, highly specific but of low sensitivity (Manias et al, 2020). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) represents a powerful, accessible tool to address this issue.…”
A novel real‐time PCR assay based on the TaqMan probe was developed for the detection of Gnomoniopsis castaneae, causal agent of brown rot of chestnut kernels, and responsible for leaf necrosis, shoot blight and bark canker. A part of the pathogen life cycle is endophytic, colonizing all tissues of chestnut and additional hosts, which is suspected to play a key role in its epidemiology. Thus, a molecular tool for sensitive detection and quantification of G. castaneae in symptomatic and asymptomatic host tissues is urgently required to better understand G. castaneae ecology, biology and epidemiology. Primers and a species‐specific probe for G. castaneae were designed based on the sequence of the single‐copy elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) gene. The amplification efficiency of target DNA was 105.3% and the limit of detection of the assay was calculated at approximately 40 fg of pure fungal DNA. The pathogen was consistently detected in artificial mixtures of plant and pathogen DNAs with the same Limit of Detection (LOD) as pure fungal DNA. In naturally infected samples, the assay rapidly revealed the presence of the pathogen in all symptomatic specimens, as well as in asymptomatic tissues. Notably, a significant relationship between the results of a metagenomic HTS analysis and the qPCR assay on DNAs extracted from bulk fruit was found. This molecular tool will be of substantial aid in detecting and quantifying G. castaneae, even in the endophytic state, and in different host tissues.
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