Isolation and characterization of dinucleotide microsatellite loci in the Great White Shark, <i>Carcharodon carcharias</i>

Pardini, Amanda T.; Jones, Catherine S.; Scholl, Michael C.; Noble, Leslie R.

doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.00954-4.x

Cited by 29 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Microsatellite isolation protocols have advanced technically, however, and current enrichment protocols make it difficult to compare with previous studies. Table 5 shows a comparison of microsatellite locus characteristics across multiple shark species [38]–[40], [42], [44], [48]–[53]. Overall, the whale shark microsatellites described here approximate those from most other shark species in repeat length and levels of heterozygosity, while the number of alleles is somewhat lower than the average.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…White sharks are highly migratory, for example, yet genetic analysis has shown strong population structure. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of sharks from South Africa found evidence for population differentiation in comparison to sharks from Australia/New Zealand, with F ST values of 0.81 between South Africa and Australia, and of 0.89 between South Africa and New Zealand [40]. Strikingly, microsatellite analysis of these same populations revealed no significant genetic differences between populations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

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Low Genetic Differentiation across Three Major Ocean Populations of the Whale Shark, Rhincodon typus

Schmidt

Schmidt²,

Özer³

et al. 2009

PLoS ONE

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BackgroundWhale sharks are a declining species for which little biological data is available. While these animals are protected in many parts of their range, they are fished legally and illegally in some countries. Baseline biological and ecological data are needed to allow the formulation of an effective conservation plan for whale sharks. It is not known, for example, whether the whale shark is represented by a single worldwide panmictic population or by numerous, reproductively isolated populations. Genetic analysis of population structure is one essential component of the baseline data required for whale shark conservation.Methodology/Principal FindingsWe have identified 8 polymorphic microsatellites in the whale shark and used these markers to assess genetic variation and population structure in a panel of whale sharks covering a broad geographic region. This is the first record of microsatellite loci in the whale shark, which displayed an average of 9 alleles per locus and mean Ho = 0.66 and He = 0.69. All but one of the eight loci meet the expectations of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Analysis of these loci in whale sharks representing three major portions of their range, the Pacific (P), Caribbean (C), and Indian (I) Oceans, determined that there is little population differentiation between animals sampled in different geographic regions, indicating historical gene flow between populations. FST values for inter-ocean comparisons were low (P×C = 0.0387, C×I = 0.0296 and P×I = −0.0022), and only C×I approached statistical significance (p = 0.0495).Conclusions/SignificanceWe have shown only low levels of genetic differentiation between geographically distinct whale shark populations. Existing satellite tracking data have revealed both regional and long-range migration of whale sharks throughout their range, which supports the finding of gene flow between populations. Whale sharks traverse geographic and political boundaries during their life history and interbreed with animals from distant populations; conservation efforts must therefore target international protection for this species.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Low Genetic Differentiation across Three Major Ocean Populations of the Whale Shark, Rhincodon typus

Schmidt

Schmidt²,

Özer³

et al. 2009

PLoS ONE

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“…Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify ,500 bp of the mitochondrial DNA D-loop region, using primers and conditions available for the white sharks in GenBank (Pardini et al 2000).…”

Section: Genetic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Age, growth and genetic status of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from Kashima-nada, Japan

Tanaka¹,

Kitamura²,

Mochizuki³

et al. 2011

Mar. Freshwater Res.

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Abstract. The white shark, a top predator inhabiting the world's oceans, is an endangered species. However, knowledge of its life-history traits and population structure is still limited. We hypothesised that life-history traits would vary among populations because the species' various habitats are diverse and change through time. Age was estimated by counting growth bands in the centra of white sharks caught in Japan. The von Bertalanffy growth parameters were estimated at L N ¼ 455 cm TL, k ¼ 0.196 year À1 and t 0 ¼ À1.92 years for males and L N ¼ 607 cm TL, k ¼ 0.159 year À1 and t 0 ¼ À1.80 years for females. The growth rate to maturity was higher than that known for individuals from California and South Africa. Male sharks matured at 310 cm TL at 4 years of age and females began to mature at ,450 cm TL and 7 years. The D-loop-region sequences of mitochondrial DNA extracted from Japanese white sharks and GenBank datasets from sharks of California, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa indicate that Japanese white sharks form a monophyletic clade separate from the populations of other regions. The results suggest that unique life-history traits of Japanese white sharks may be caused by genetic differences.

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“…Recent genetic studies have shown that the northeastern Pacific (NEP) white shark population is genetically distinct from other known white shark populations in South Africa, AustraliaNew Zealand, Northwest Pacific, Northwest Atlantic, and the Mediterranean (Pardini et al, 2000;Gubili et al, 2010Gubili et al, , 2012Jorgensen et al, 2010;Tanaka et al, 2011). Electronic tags have shown that NEP sub-adult (sharks >2.4 m total length (TL) but not mature) and adult white sharks [females > 4.5 m TL (Francis, 1996) and males > 3.8 m TL (Pratt, 1996)] aggregate annually at two primary sites in the California Current: central California, USA (Klimley, 1985;Klimley and Anderson, 1996) and Guadalupe Island, Mexico (Domeier and Nasby-Lucas, 2008).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating apparent survival of sub-adult and adult white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in central California using mark-recapture methods

et al. 2015

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Quantifying life history parameters of marine top predators is challenging, as observations are difficult and uncertainty in sex assignment can confound the determination of sex specific parameters. However, these parameters are critical for accurate population assessments and understanding of population dynamics. Using mark recapture observations at white shark foraging aggregation sites, we tested for differences in survival between sexes and estimated apparent survival for sub-adult and adult white sharks in neritic waters off central California. We used 6 years of mark-recapture data and a model that accounted for imperfect detection and imperfect sex assignment. Empirical information based on direct observations suggests that there are no sex-specific or temporal differences in survival during the study period and that survival was estimated to be 0.90; SE = 0.04. Additionally, after animals whose sex was unknown throughout the study period were probabilistically assigned to sex, the ratio in this sample is estimated to be 2.1 males for every female observed. This estimated ratio is lower than the observed ratio of 3:1. We demonstrate that the estimated capture probability for males was roughly twice as high as that for females (0.41, SE = 0.06 and 0.19, SE = 0.07 respectively). Together these results suggest (1) that the sex ratio is uneven but not as skewed as uncorrected observation data would suggest and (2) that unequal mortality in older age classes are not the cause of the observed sex bias but more likely results from disparate mortality earlier in life or differences in behavior. Future research is needed to explore the potential causes of the observed sex bias.

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Isolation and characterization of dinucleotide microsatellite loci in the Great White Shark, Carcharodon carcharias

Cited by 29 publications

References 5 publications

Low Genetic Differentiation across Three Major Ocean Populations of the Whale Shark, Rhincodon typus

Low Genetic Differentiation across Three Major Ocean Populations of the Whale Shark, Rhincodon typus

Age, growth and genetic status of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) from Kashima-nada, Japan

Estimating apparent survival of sub-adult and adult white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) in central California using mark-recapture methods

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