Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber

Chieng, Buong Woei; Lee, Syn Huey; Ibrahim, Nor Azowa; Then, Yoon Yee; Loo, Yuet Ying

doi:10.3390/polym9080355

Cited by 182 publications

(124 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(33 reference statements)

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“…Cellulose part of oil palm waste produces after remove hemicelluloses and lignin. Cellulose is an insoluble polysaccharide that consisting of linear chains of glucopyranose units linked with a β-1,4 glycosidic bond that has a degree of polymerization of about 10,000 [2]. Cellulose is a component of plant cells that has many nanofibrils packed bundles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composites polyvinyl alcohol filled with nanocellulose from oil palm waste by formic acid hydrolysis

et al. 2019

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Composites polyvinyl alcohol filled with nanocellulose from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) and oil palm fronds (OPF) have investigated. Nanocellulose prepared by formic acid 50 wt%. Functional groups and degree of crystalline of nanocellulose were analyzed by FTIR and XRD. The degree of crystalline nanocellulose presented at 2θ at intensity of 22.26 and 21.86 for OPEFB and OPF. Amorphous part of nanocellulose at intensity of 14.68 and 15.86 for OPEFB and OPF. Functional group of nanocellulose give the same pattern for OPEFB and OPF. Nanocellulose reinforce in polyvinyl alcohol as many as 1, 5, 10 and 20% and as a comparison with polyvinyl alcohol without filler. Eight of composite films and one of vinyl alcohol film have studied mechanical properties such as tensile strength and elongation at break, and also functional groups. The tensile strength of OPF 5% and 10% increased than polyvinyl alcohol matrix. Tensile strength OPEFB 10% slightly increase from polyvinyl alcohol. The elongation of composites both OPEFB and OPF decreased with increased of nanocellulose loading.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Composites polyvinyl alcohol filled with nanocellulose from oil palm waste by formic acid hydrolysis

et al. 2019

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“…This weight loss was reported to be linked to the scission of glycosidic bonds, leading to a reduction in the degree of polymerization of cellulose without losing any mass [17]. No weight loss was observed at the temperature range of 160°C-250°C that can indicate of hemicellulose depolymerization [34]. The onset decomposition temperature and the temperature at the maximum weight loss of CNC were 270°C and 300°C, respectively with the weight loss of 45.5 wt%.…”

Section: Thermogravimetric Analysismentioning

confidence: 96%

Extraction of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals in short processing time from waste newspaper by conventional acid hydrolysis

Van‐Pham

Pham

Tran

et al. 2020

Mater. Res. Express

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Motivated by many exclusive and useful features of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and the underutilized resource of waste newspaper, this study aimed to extract CNC from waste newspapers by means of alkali and bleaching treatments followed by acid hydrolysis. The morphological structure of the obtained CNC was analysed by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. The remarkable removal of surface contamination and the reduction in fiber diameter during alkali and bleaching treatment were observed and the nano-dimension of the extracted CNC was revealed with the average diameter of 12.3±2.8 nm. Characterization of the extracted CNC showed a high whiteness index of 80%, and high transparency of about 80% of the light at 600 nm calculated for a 0.02 mm thick nanocellulose film. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) indicated that lignin, hemicellulose and other coloring agents were successfully removed. A comparably high crystallinity index of 80.15% was calculated from x-ray diffraction data. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that the product had a typical maximum thermal degradation at 300°C. The analysis results indicated the successful extraction of good CNC from waste newspaper with the shortest processing time ever reported for acid hydrolysis with conventional alkali and bleaching pretreatment. The findings also strongly support for further research of nanocomposites reinforced by CNC produced from waste newspaper.

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“…Concerning the renewable sources of raw materials, there are several possible lignocellulosic materials for the isolation of whiskers: vegetable sources, such as cotton, coconut fiber, corn cobs, pineapple leaves, manioc residues, palm fiber, residual biomass from palm oil extraction, banana fibers, hemp, wood pulp, old newspaper and recycled newsprint, microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), bacterial cellulose, the product of which is named bacterial nanocellulose, microbial cellulose or biocellulose, and animal sources, such as tunicates and marine biomass …”

Section: Physicochemical Characterization Of Cellulose Nanocrystalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cellulose Nanocrystals as a Sustainable Raw Material: Cytotoxicity and Applications on Healthcare Technology

Pelegrini

Ré

Oliveira

et al. 2019

Macro Materials & Eng

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Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are an environmentally friendly natural material, consisting of rod‐like crystalline nanoparticles, called whiskers, or nanocrystalline cellulose. The derivation of different natural sources, aligned to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and versatility, make them a class of fascinating materials with widespread industrial use. In addition, the cellulose species possess intriguing physicochemical and mechanical properties. This paper provides an overview of recent progress in the area of cellulosic nanocomposites, along with details of their structure and liquid crystalline behavior as nematic and cholesteric lyotropic materials. Guidance is subsequently provided for the physicochemical analysis of these materials, including X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, optical evaluation, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. Additionally, the functional chemical and physical properties of CNCs are correlated to the resulting nanotoxicity in in vitro and in vivo assays. This review points to relevant concerns, such as sources for the synthesis of CNCs, the nanomaterial size, and the surface chemistry, that must be overcome in order to attain safe use of CNC‐based nanomaterials. The challenging perspectives on the ongoing research are presented in order to explore the technological and industrial perspectives on the use of CNC for the generation of cost‐effective advanced nanomaterials based on cellulosic fibers.

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Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanocrystals from Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber

Cited by 182 publications

References 29 publications

Composites polyvinyl alcohol filled with nanocellulose from oil palm waste by formic acid hydrolysis

Composites polyvinyl alcohol filled with nanocellulose from oil palm waste by formic acid hydrolysis

Extraction of thermally stable cellulose nanocrystals in short processing time from waste newspaper by conventional acid hydrolysis

Cellulose Nanocrystals as a Sustainable Raw Material: Cytotoxicity and Applications on Healthcare Technology

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