Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose from Banana Stems using Microwave Heating

Abstract

During each day of harvest, wasted banana stems are obtained in large quantities. These stems are composed mainly of 74.37% cellulose which is a very important raw material. This study aims to isolate cellulose from banana stems using liquefaction, delignification and bleaching processes with a microwave at power variations of 450, 600 and 800 W. The results showed that the highest cellulose content of 86.43% was obtained at 800 W for 14 minutes. Meanwhile, the fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis result did not show a peak at wavenumber 1519 cm-1 which is the specific peak for lignin but showed a peak for cellulose at wavenumber 898 cm-1. Furthermore, XRD analysis of crystallinity showed a typical diffraction peak of cellulose at 22.5o with a degree of crystallinity of 56.8% while, morphological analysis with SEM showed that the sizes of the cellulose fibers produced varied, ranging from 5 to hundreds of micrometers and visible fibrillary fibers

Isolation, Modification and Characterization of Cellulose from Corn Husk Waste of Puncak‐Bogor

“…H 2 O 2 is known as environmentally friendly bleaching reagents due to its degradation serve water only as seen at reaction mechanism as follow: H 2 O 2 +HO − →HOO − +H 2 O. The peroxide anions side, HOO − , which is produced remove the lignin residue and hemicellulose [43] …”

“…H 2 O 2 is known as environmentally friendly bleaching reagents due to its degradation serve water only as seen at reaction mechanism as follow: H 2 O 2 + HO À !HOO À + H 2 O. The peroxide anions side, HOO À , which is produced remove the lignin residue and hemicellulose [43] Based on the calculation, the yield of cellulose of the 1 st bleaching product was 46.6 %, while the cellulose of the 2 nd bleaching product was 12.2 %. The 2 nd bleaching product was then further modified to become carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), to improve its characteristics and utility.…”

Cellulose from the banana stem: optimization of extraction by response surface methodology (RSM) and charaterization

“… Method Fixed conditions Composition of product Refs. NaOH (%) Time (mins) H 2 O 2 (%) L (wt.%) H (wt.%) C (wt.%) MCP 2.91 21.29 15.10 2.21 17.89 82.14 This work 4 14 5 - - 86.43 [ 29 ] HCP 17.7 30 - 15.30 8.80 69.40 [ 19 ] 2 3240 - 17.58 ± 0.40 13.19 ± 1.05 33.86 ± 1.53 [ 30 ] 5 600 - 4 6 90 [ 31 ] Note: Lignin (L), Hemicellulose (H), Cellulose (C), Microwave - assisted chemical pretreatments (MCP), and Heating-assisted chemical pretreatments (HCP). …”

Synthesis and Characterization of Graphitic Carbon Nanostructures from Cellulose Extraction of Durian Peel Waste

“…The 1373 cm -1 and 1317 cm -1 peaks are impacted by C-OH vibration and C-H asymmetric deformation in the cellulose structure [20,21]. The peak at 1239 cm -1 can be attributed to carbonyl groups C=O [22]. The peak at 1161 cm -1 is corresponds to the C-O-C stretching group [20,21,23].…”