Isolation and characterization of bovine alphaherpesvirus 2 strain from an outbreak of bovine herpetic mammillitis in a dairy farm

Abstract

Background: Bovine alphaherpesvirus type 2 (BoHV-2) belongs to family Herpesviridae, subfamily Alphaherpesviridae and can cause two distinct, well-defined conditions: a generalized benign skin infection that somewhat mimics lumpy skin disease (LSD), referred to as Pseudo-Lumpy Skin Disease (PSLD) and a localized ulcerative mammillitis, referred to as Bovine Herpetic Mammillitis (BHM). BHM is a localized form of BoHV-2 infection that causes erosiveulcerative self-limiting lesions on breast and nipples. BHM is chiefly a disease of lactating dairy cows and has been described sporadically in several countries. In this study we describe an outbreak of bovine herpetic mammillitis caused by BoHV-2 occurred in a dairy farm in Southern Italy. Clinical signs were observed in 26/59 lactating cows with the age ranging between 2 and 6 years. The affected animals were afebrile, showed lesions on the skin of nipples, breast and ventral surface of the abdomen, near the mammary veins and spontaneously recovered within 2 months. Results: BoHV-2 DNA was detected in the crust samples by pan-herpes PCR and real-time quantitative PCR. The virus was isolated on bovine kidney cells and was characterised by deep sequencing technologies. The nucleotide identity to BoHV-2 of the strain ITA/2018/468 retrieved in this study ranged from 98.83 to 100%. Phylogenetic analyses based on three full-length gene (glycoprotein B, thymidine kinase and glycoprotein G) sequences confirmed the close relatedness of the strain ITA/2018/468 to BoHV-2 sequences. Conclusions: The report represents a significant outbreak of BHM in a dairy farm 50 years after the last description in Italy. However, outbreaks of PLSD have been described in Europe recently, indicating that the virus is present in European territories. Improving the diagnostic algorithms and enacting specific surveillance plans could be useful to understand better the epidemiological and pathogenetic patterns of BoHV-2 infection in livestock animals, and to develop, eventually, effective prophylaxis plans.

Isolation, identification and phylogenetic analysis of lumpy skin disease virus strain of outbreak in Guangdong, China

“…Total nucleic acid extraction was carried out from the viral DNA extraction on a Kingfisher Flex system (Thermo Fisher) F I G U R E 1 Map of lumpy skin disease (LSD) outbreaks in China according to the manufacturer's instructions. This real-time RT-PCR assay is able to detect LSDV (Zeedan et al, 2019), bovine herpesvirus 2 (BHV-2) (Lanave et al, 2020), buffalo pox virus (BPXV) (Cargnelutti et al, 2017), pseudo cowpox virus (PCPV) (Zhao et al, 2013) and bovine papular stomatitis virus (BPSV) (Cargnelutti et al, 2017).…”

Herpesvirus mamilit of cattle

“…Інфікування тварин у стаді може відбуватись після купівлі корів, котрі є носіями вірусу (Martin W.B., 1990). В спеціальній літературі описані випадки, коли в стадо вводились нові тварини для відтворення, і вже через 1 рік спостерігали спалахи захворювання (Lanave et al, 2020). Під час цього захворювання спостерігаються латентні інфекції з персистуванням вірусу.…”

Preliminary Evaluation of Lablab purpureus Phytochemicals for Anti-BoHV-1 Activity Using In Vitro and In Silico Approaches

“…Secondary bacterial co-infections may be noted, with uterine inflammation, transitory sterility, and pus-filled vaginal discharge. The BoHV-1 infections are known for their notoriety across the cattle industry with reports of nearly a billion dollar losses in the United States alone. − Pourmahdi Borujeni et al reported the seroprevalence of BoHV-1 to be 28.4%; meanwhile, another study conducted by Lanave et al concluded that as many as 26 out of 59 lactating cows are usually affected by an outbreak of bovine herpetic mammilitis . In India, BoHV-1 was first isolated and characterized while investigating conjunctivitis in a herd from Uttar Pradesh, and the overall prevalence was identified to be as high as 32.84% in cattle with the reproductive disorder.…”

“… 4 − 6 Pourmahdi Borujeni et al reported the seroprevalence of BoHV-1 to be 28.4%; 7 meanwhile, another study conducted by Lanave et al concluded that as many as 26 out of 59 lactating cows are usually affected by an outbreak of bovine herpetic mammilitis. 8 In India, BoHV-1 was first isolated and characterized while investigating conjunctivitis in a herd from Uttar Pradesh, 9 and the overall prevalence was identified to be as high as 32.84% 10 in cattle with the reproductive disorder. Seroprevalence studies have found the BoHV-1 infection to be widespread across all Indian states.…”