Multilocus sequence typing 368 3.4 Innovative high-throughput molecular methods 369 3.4.1 Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis 369 3.4.2 DNA microarrays 369 3.4.3 Fluorescence in situ hybridization with peptide nucleic acid probes 369 3.4.4 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry 370 4 Genes and probes used for diagnostics of staphylococci 370 4.1 Genes and sequences used in identification of staphylococcal species 370 4.2 Specific genes and sequences used in typing of S. aureus strains 370 4.3 Identification and typing of methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains 370 4.4 Glycopeptide-intermediate-resistant S. aureus 373 5 Conclusions 373 References 373