Isolation and Characterization Cellulose Nanosphere from Different Agricultural By-Products

Abstract

Cellulose nanospheres (CN) have been considered a leading type of nanomaterial that can be applied as a strengthening material in the production of nanocomposites. This work aimed to isolate and characterize the properties of CN from different agricultural by-products. CNs were successfully isolated from rice straw, corncob, Phulae pineapple leaf and peel using acid hydrolysis (60% H2SO4) combined with homogenization-sonication (homogenized at 12,000 rpm for 6 min and ultrasonicated for 10 min). The results showed that the CN from rice straw (RS-CN) and corncob (CC-CN) exhibited high yields (22.27 and 22.36%) (p < 0.05). All hydrolyzed CNs exhibited a spherical shape with a diameter range of 2 to 127 nm. After acid hydrolysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results showed no impurities. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the structure of cellulose was changed from cellulose-I to cellulose-II. However, cellulose-I remained in pineapple peel cellulose nanosphere (PP-CN). The crystalline index (CI) ranged from 43.98 to 73.58%, with the highest CI obtained in the CC-CN. The CN from all sources presented excellent thermal stability (above 300 °C). The functional properties, including water absorption Index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI) and swelling capacity were investigated. PP-CN showed the highest WAI and swelling capacity, while the PL-CN had the highest WSI (p < 0.05). Among all samples, CC-CN showed the highest extraction yield, small particle size, high CI, and desirable functional properties to be used as a material for bio-nanocomposites film.

Production of Hydrogels from Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal Fractionation of Blackcurrant Pomace

“…The final residues observed after thermal degradation at 625 °C indicated that the DFC samples had approximately 20% higher final residues compared to the BDFC samples. A lower content of final residues suggests a higher purity of cellulose [ 33 , 34 ]. This observation is consistent with the findings of the Klason lignin content and the ATR-IR analysis reported earlier, indicating that the BDFC samples have higher cellulose content and lower lignin content compared to the DFC samples.…”

“…WHC was determined using the methods of Romruen et al and Zain et al [ 34 , 40 ], with a slight modification. The DFC samples (0.2 g, W 0 ) and deionized water (10 mL) were placed into a centrifuge tube (W T ) and vortexed (2000 rpm, 1 min), followed by sonication (30 °C, 20 min).…”

Upcycling Food By‐products: Characteristics and Applications of Nanocellulose

“…Mechanical treatment is usually used to produce CNF but it also possible to obtain CNS with average sizes below 50 nm using solely mechanical techniques, such as high intensity ultrasonication (HIUS), HPH, homogenization with ultra-high shear in aqueous cellulose dispersions, and ball milling. [88,97]…”

“…Mechanical processes are frequently employed as physical methods to extract nanocellulose from a variety of cellulose sources, often in conjunction with other preparation methods. Mechanical treatment is usually used to produce CNF but it also possible to obtain CNS with average sizes below 50 nm using solely mechanical techniques, such as high intensity ultrasonication (HIUS), HPH, homogenization with ultra‐high shear in aqueous cellulose dispersions, and ball milling [88,97] …”

Effects of ethephon on heartwood formation and related physiological indices of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen

“…Secondary metabolites found in woody medicinal plants, such as terpenoids and flavonoids, possess distinct physicochemical properties and have broad applications in medicine, biomaterials, wood processing, and aromatization (Castel et al, 2005;Aljesri et al, 2014;Yan et al, 2015;Chang and Chang, 2017;Octavia and Nugroho, 2020;Pullaiah et al, 2021;Romruen et al, 2022). Certain resinous woody medicinal plants, under natural conditions without intervention, fail to produce secondary metabolites (Steep, 2003).…”