Isolation and characterisation of a novel spirochaete from severe virulent ovine foot rot

Demirkan, İbrahim; Carter, S.D.; Winstanley, Craig; Bruce, KD; McNAIR, N.M.; Woodside, Marian R.; Hart, C. A.

doi:10.1099/0022-1317-50-12-1061

Cited by 40 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Unsurprisingly, one of the CODD isolates (G3S4S) belonging to the T. pedis spirochete group showed 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to the previous T. pedis spirochete isolated from a CODD lesion (41). More interestingly, T. pedis spirochete isolate G3ST1 shared 100% 16S rRNA gene sequence identity with T. pedis T3552B (GenBank accession no.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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High-Level Association of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponema spp. with Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions and Presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

Sullivan¹,

Clegg²,

Angell

et al. 2015

J Clin Microbiol

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Digital dermatitis (DD) is an infectious lameness commonly found in dairy cattle worldwide, and it is known as bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) or papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD). The disease was first reported in 1980 in the United States (1) and in the late 1980s in the United Kingdom (2). BDD has also been confirmed in beef cattle (3, 4), and over the last 30 years, the disease has been recognized as an important cause of bovine lameness (5).Lameness in cattle and sheep has serious animal welfare and economic implications (6-9). The effects of lameness in cattle include a decrease in milk yield (9, 10) and fertility (8, 11-13) and an increase in rate of culling (12,14). This has been found to be particularly true for cattle suffering from BDD (8, 15, 16) with a recent study of the cost of lameness in the United States estimating that on average, BDD costs $133 per case (17).BDD is now a worldwide problem, and controlling BDD on dairy operations has proven difficult. Moreover, in the last 20 years, sheep in the United Kingdom have been identified with a form of DD termed contagious ovine digital dermatitis (CODD), which is rapidly emerging as a severe infectious foot disease since it was first reported in the United Kingdom in 1997 (18-20). Now, CODD has spread into the Republic of Ireland (20), and it was recently reported in dairy goats in the United Kingdom (21), indicating further cross-species transmission. The contagious nature of DD is also evident by the reports of a manifestation of the disease in a wildlife host, North American elk (Cervus elaphus) from Washington State (22). The reports of DD in previously unaffected species, including U.S. wildlife, suggests a much greater global threat of the disease than previously considered.BDD in cattle manifests in several forms, but most frequently as an ulcerative lesion of the digital skin located immediately above the coronary band between the heel bulbs which results in severe lameness (23). The clinical features of CODD in sheep are slightly different, mainly because the initial lesion site on the sheep foot is different. CODD lesions commence at the coronary band and then run under the hoof horn capsule dorsally and abaxially (24). CODD frequently presents a particularly severe outcome where the whole horn capsule can be lost (18,(25)(26)(27). As a result of the severity of the lesions, sheep can be extremely lame, impacting the welfare of the affected sheep (28). This is concurrent with the lesion pathology identified in elk, described as erosive lesions on

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The affected digit may be swollen and shortened. Sheep identified with classic CODD lesions were examined, and the lesions were biopsied using a 3-mm biopsy punch and local anesthesia (34,41). All CODD lesions biopsied were active lesions shown by tissue appearing hemorrhagic, granulomatous, and/or necrotic.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

High-Level Association of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponema spp. with Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions and Presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

Sullivan¹,

Clegg²,

Angell

et al. 2015

J Clin Microbiol

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“…Spirochetes that are closely related to T. vincentii/T. medium and T. denticola have on May 10, 2018 by guest http://jcm.asm.org/ also been isolated from sheep with severe virulent foot rot, but the potential for cross-species transmission of these organisms between sheep and cattle is unknown (10,13,24). By adopting stringent anaerobic culture techniques and utilizing the selective medium recommended by Walker et al (44), we successfully isolated Treponema spirochetes from PDD lesions in dairy cattle in Iowa.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Treponema phagedenis -Like Spirochetes Isolated from Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis Lesions in Dairy Cattle

et al. 2003

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Four spirochete strains were isolated from papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) lesions in Iowa dairy cattle and compared with two previously described spirochete strains isolated from dairy cattle in California. These six strains shared an identical 16S ribosomal DNA sequence that was 98% similar to Treponema phagedenis and 99% similar to the uncultivated PDD spirochete sequence DDLK-4. The whole-cell protein profiles resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of these six strains were similar. However, these strains showed differences in the antigenic diversity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Genetic diversity was also detected by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA digests, revealing differences among five of the six strains. Serum immunoglobulin G antibodies from dairy cattle with active PDD lesions reacted with the LPS of all but one PDD spirochete strain. Likewise, peripheral blood mononuclear cells from cattle with active PDD lesions produced blastogenic responses to one of the two California isolates. Both antibody and lymphocyte blastogenic responses were reduced in convalescent dairy cattle, suggesting the immune response to these spirochetes has short duration. These results demonstrate genetic and antigenic diversity among T. phagedenis-like treponemes and provide further evidence for the involvement of these spirochetes in the pathogenesis of PDD.Papillomatous digital dermatitis (PDD) is a leading cause of lameness in dairy cattle (23). This disease state is referred to by a variety of names including digital dermatitis, interdigital papillomatosis, hairy heelwart, and hairy footwart. PDD begins as a mild, superficial dermatitis which progresses to an erosive lesion. The tissue becomes granulated and can form a hyperkeratotic papillomatous lesion with long hair-like projections (3,29,30). These lesions usually form on the plantar surface, proximal to the bulb of the heel, or occasionally, within the interdigital cleft, and are thought to arise due to constant exposure to fecal slurry (2, 28).The first report of PDD was in 1974 in Europe (8), and the disease is now found with increasing frequency in most geographical regions of the world. In the United States, the disease was identified in 43% of 1,182 U.S. dairy herds surveyed in 1996 and 78% of these herds reported their first cases in 1993 or later. These data confirm a rapid spread of the disease (46), which may in part be due to changes in herd management (31,32,46).The etiology of PDD remains equivocal. Application of topical or parenteral antibiotics results in rapid resolution of the lesions, suggesting that PDD is caused by a bacterial infection. A mixed population of gram-negative bacteria, including anaerobes, microaerophilic organisms, and spirochetes have been demonstrated in or isolated from PDD lesions (4,26,29).Spirochetes are prevalent in PDD lesions and may be important in pathogenesis. Spirochetes are found deep within the epidermis, invading the stratum spinosum and dermal papillae (2,4,22,29)...

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“…Genomic DNA was extracted from spirochete cultures as previously described (13) and stored at Ϫ20°C. Spirochete 16S rRNA gene PCRs were carried out as described previously (7). A PCR assay targeting the dinitrogenase reductase gene (nifH) in spirochetes was carried out as described previously (19).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Novel Bovine Gastrointestinal Tract Treponema Isolates and Comparison with Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponemes

Evans

Brown

Murray

et al. 2011

Appl Environ Microbiol

132

110

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This study aimed to isolate and characterize treponemes present in the bovine gastrointestinal (GI) tract and compare them with bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) treponemes. Seven spirochete isolates were obtained from the bovine GI tract, which, on the basis of 16S rRNA gene comparisons, clustered within the genus Treponema as four novel phylotypes. One phylotype was isolated from several different GI tract regions, including the omasum, colon, rumen, and rectum. These four phylotypes could be divided into two phylotype pairs that clustered closest with each other and then with different, previously reported rumen treponemes. The treponemes displayed great genotypic and phenotypic diversity between phylotypes and differed considerably from named treponeme species and those recently reported by metagenomic studies of the bovine GI tract. Phylogenetic inference, based on comparisons of 16S rRNA sequences from only bovine treponemes, suggested a marked divergence between two important groups. The dendrogram formed two major clusters, with one cluster containing GI tract treponemes and the other containing BDD treponemes. This division among the bovine treponemes is likely the result of adaptation to different niches. To further differentiate the bovine GI and BDD strains, we designed a degenerate PCR for a gene encoding a putative virulence factor, tlyC, which gave a positive reaction only for treponemes from the BDD cluster.Treponema species are typically anaerobic, fastidious, highly motile, spiral microorganisms and may be found in the oral cavity, digestive tract, and genital areas of humans, animals, and insects (20, 32). Several treponeme taxa are associated with disease, such as the human syphilis infectious agent Treponema pallidum (30), various Treponema species associated with human periodontal infections (10), and several treponeme phylotypes involved in bovine digital dermatitis (BDD) (4). In contrast, several treponemes have been reported to be commensal, living as symbionts in the gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of animals and insects. The spirochetes Treponema bryantii and Treponema saccharophilum have been isolated from the rumen of cows (26,36), and another three novel treponeme taxa have been isolated from GI material of pigs (6, 23). In insects, Treponema azotonutricium and Treponema primitia were isolated from the guts of termites (15).The relative paucity of data regarding treponemes and their locations in animal tissues is primarily the result of difficulties associated with their isolation, cultivation, and purification. More frequently, molecular techniques such as 16S rRNA gene clone libraries have been used to identify treponemes within animal samples but without subsequent culture. While no targeted studies of bovine GI tract treponeme 16S rRNA genes have been reported, several global bacterial studies showed that there are several phylotypes of treponemes in the bovine GI tract (11,29,38,44). Although only two bovine GI tract treponemes have been proposed as novel taxa (26, 36), considerable...

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Isolation and characterisation of a novel spirochaete from severe virulent ovine foot rot

Cited by 40 publications

References 11 publications

High-Level Association of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponema spp. with Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions and Presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

High-Level Association of Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponema spp. with Contagious Ovine Digital Dermatitis Lesions and Presence of Fusobacterium necrophorum and Dichelobacter nodosus

Characterization of Treponema phagedenis -Like Spirochetes Isolated from Papillomatous Digital Dermatitis Lesions in Dairy Cattle

Characterization of Novel Bovine Gastrointestinal Tract Treponema Isolates and Comparison with Bovine Digital Dermatitis Treponemes

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