Isolation and biological activities of naturally occurring apocarotenoid bixin

Abstract

The naturally occurring apo-carotenoid bixin is obtained from annatto (Bixa orellana). It is unique among the natural carotenoids through its water solubility and easily extractability from the seed coat of Bixa orellana. Bixin is (2E,4E,6E,8E,10E,12E,14E,16Z, 18E)-20- methoxy-4,8,13,17-tetramethyl-20-oxicosa 2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18-nonaenoic acid, an apo-carotenoid which is a terpenoid compound derived from the oxidative cleavage of carotenoids. Several biological activities of bixin has been reported earlier such as selective antimyeloma effects of cis-bixin, antinociceptive and anti-Inflammatory effects, antioxidant action against cis-platine induced chromosome in rats, hypoglycemic effect in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, allodynia, anxious and depressive-like behaviors, targeting NRF2 for improved skin barrier function and photoprotection, antiatherogenic effect in hypercholesterolemic rabbits, triggering apoptosis of cancer cells, immunomodulatory role in dogs, sensitization of human melanoma cells to dacarbazine-induced apoptosis, sensitization of human lung cancer and cervical cancer cell to cisplatin in vitro, anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity, antibacterial activity of cis-bixin conjugated silver nanoparticles, protective effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats, bixin/crocetin nanoparticles on quality and shelf life improvement of cheddar cheese etc. In this review, the biological properties of bixin has been discussed. A practical method for the isolation of bixin 1 from the seed coat of Bixa orellana commonly known as “Sinduri” (in Bengali) and its characterization has also been reported.

Green Synthesis of Roscoea purpurea Sm. (Kakoli) Leaf Extract Conjugated Gold and Silver nanoparticles

“…Synthesis of KLAuNPs: Synthesis of RLAuNPs was carried out following the procedure as described previously. 11 A stock methanolic extract of leaf of Kakoli was prepared (6900 µg/mL). The stock solution of the extract was diluted in vials of capacity 4 mL (Figure 3A) to prepare a series of the solutions in water.…”

“…Synthesis of KLAgNPs in water medium was carried out in an identical method of KLAuNPs preparation keeping the concentrations of the leaf extract identical. 11 Aliquots of AgNO3 solution (100 µL, 14.0 mM) in water were added to each of the vials of capacity of 4 mL. The final volume of the mixtures was 2 mL each and the final concentration of AgNO3 in the mixtures was 0.7 µg/mL in each vial (Figure 4).…”

“…5,6 Previous reports from our laboratory have shown that the pseudobulb of Crepidium acuminatum (Jeevak), 7 Rhizome Extract of Roscoea purpurea Sm. (Kakoli), 8 Rhizome Extract of Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Mahameda) 9 and, Tuber Extracts of Habenaria Edgeworthii (Vrddhi) and Habenaria intermedia (Rddhi) 10,11 are rich in antioxidants. Hence, it occurred to us that the leaf extract of Kakoli may also be rich in antioxidants.…”

“…Previously we have reported the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles using extracts Jeevak, Kakoli, Mahameda, Rddhi and and Vrddhi. 7,8,9,10,11 Hence it occurred to us that the leaf extract of Kakoli may be utilized for the green synthesis of AuNPs conjugated with the leaf extract of Kakoli (KLAuNPs). For the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles, a fixed concentration (0.40 mM) of Au(III) was reacted with an increasing concentration of the leaf extract (50 µg/mL to 800 µg/mL).…”

Green Synthesis of Habenaria edgeworthii (Vrddhi) Leaf Extract Conjugated Gold and Silver nanoparticles

“…5,6 Previous reports from our laboratory have shown that the pseudobulb of Crepidium acuminatum (Jeevak), 7 extract of Roscoea purpurea Sm. (Kakoli), 8,9 Rhizome Extract of Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Mahameda) 10 and, extracts of Habenaria Edgeworthii (Vrddhi) 11 and Habenaria intermedia (Rddhi) 12,13 are reach in antioxidants. Hence, it occurred to us that the leaf extract of Vrddhi may also be rich in antioxidants.…”