Isolated and Community Contexts Produce Distinct Responses by Host Plants to the Presence of Ant-Aphid Interaction: Plant Productivity and Seed Viability

Abstract

Ant-aphid interactions may affect host plants in several ways, however, most studies measure only the amount of fruit and seed produced, and do not test seed viability. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effects of the presence of ant-aphid interactions upon host plant productivity and seed viability in two different contexts: isolated and within an arthropod community. For this purpose we tested the hypothesis that in both isolated and community contexts, the presence of an ant-aphid interaction will have a positive effect on fruit and seed production, seed biomass and rate of seed germination, and a negative effect on abnormal seedling rates, in comparison to plants without ants. We performed a field mesocosm experiment containing five treatments: Ant-aphid, Aphid, Community, Ant-free community and Control. We counted fruits and seeds produced by each treatment, and conducted experiments for seed biomass and germinability. We found that in the community context the presence of an ant-aphid interaction negatively affected fruit and seed production. We think this may be because aphid attendance by tending-ants promotes aphid damage to the host plant, but without an affect on seed weight and viability. On the other hand, when isolated, the presence of an ant-aphid interaction positively affected fruit and seed production. These positive effects are related to the cleaning services offered to aphids by tending-ants, which prevent the development of saprophytic fungi on the surface of leaves, which would cause a decrease in photosynthetic rates. Our study is important because we evaluated some parameters of plant fitness that have not been addressed very well by other studies involving the effects of ant-aphid interactions mainly on plants with short life cycles. Lastly, our context dependent approach sheds new light on how ecological interactions can vary among different methods of crop management.

The effect size of aphid‐tending ants in an agricultural tri‐trophic system

“…Without the presence of other arthropods, we previously found (Canedo-Júnior et al, 2017) that tending ants positively affected the seed production by the host plant. This effect may be related to the honeydew collection by the tending ants, which prevents the development of saprophytic fungi, as discussed in our previous study (see Canedo-Júnior et al, 2017). Besides, we observed differences in the pattern of aggre- (Canedo-Júnior et al, 2017), which found a significant positive effect of the tending ants on seed production.…”

“…This effect may be related to the honeydew collection by the tending ants, which prevents the development of saprophytic fungi, as discussed in our previous study (see Canedo-Júnior et al, 2017). Besides, we observed differences in the pattern of aggre- (Canedo-Júnior et al, 2017), which found a significant positive effect of the tending ants on seed production. We believe that this discrepancy may be related to the wide variation in the size of the seed samples, with the number of seeds per plant ranging from zero to 66.…”

“…Aphid‐tending ants had a negative effect on the number of lacewing larvae remaining 24 hr after the first release ( X ² = 5.0982, p = .02395; Figure b) but had no effect on lacewing larvae from the second release ( X ² = 1.0381, p = .3083). As explained above, the effect of the presence of ants on host‐plant production previously tested revealed a positive effect of this interaction on plant production (see Canedo‐Júnior et al., ; Figure a, b).…”

“…The effect of aphid‐tending ants on host plants was previously tested by Canedo‐Júnior et al. (), who showed that isolated aphid‐tending ants have a positive effect on fruit and seed production when compared to plants without ants. Thus, in the present work, we used the same data set to evaluate the effect size of aphid‐tending ants on the host plant.…”

“…The details of the methodology can be found in Canedo‐Júnior et al. (). Basically, fruits were collected and counted for plants of the treatment with ant presence (in this study called ant–aphid interaction) and the treatment without ants (in this study called plants and aphids).…”