Isobutane/2-Butene Alkylation Using Large-Pore Zeolites: Influence of Pore Structure on Activity and Selectivity

Mechanism of byproducts formation in the isobutane/butene alkylation on HY zeolites

“…Cracking of C8 hardly took place in the alkylation conditions, supporting that C5–C7 components primarily stem from C12–C16. 13,14 Moreover, C9–C11 components were produced through two routes: (1) cracking of C16+ from tetramerization of butene 13 and (2) electrophilic addition of C5–C7 carbocation with C 4 H 8 . Hence, the formation pathways of alkylation byproducts can be described as shown in Fig.…”

“…Among the zeolites used in isobutane/butene alkylation, which include Y, 3–8 X, 9–11 β, 12–15 mordenite, 13,16 ZSM 17 and MCM, 18 the Y zeolites are the most studied because of their considerable activity for hydride transfer and large pore size. 19 However, the controversy regarding the activity of the protonic form of Y zeolites towards alkylation has raged unabated.…”

The Role of CO2 as a Mild Oxidant in Oxidation and Dehydrogenation over Catalysts: A Review

“…However, the catalytic conversion of toluene and styrene monomer (SM) selectivity was low (Table 10) [91]. The side-chain alkylation is primarily carried out on solid base catalysts [92][93][94][95][96]. Toluene side-chain alkylation with methanol enhanced by the promotional use of alkali metal oxides.…”

Preparation of CuHY catalyst via solid-state ion exchange method and its catalytic performance in isobutane/2-butene alkylation

“…The acidity of Y zeolite, which is mainly determined by the Si/Al ratio of zeolite, is the key factor that influences its activity, selectivity and stability in isobutane/butene alkylation. De Jong 21 and Yoo 22 found that Y zeolite with a lower Si/Al ratio, of which the concentration of Brønsted acid sites was higher, had a longer lifetime and higher trimethylpentanes (TMPs) selectivity. Corma et al 15 compared the alkylation performance of USY catalysts with different unit cell sizes, and pointed out that a high unit cell size (low Si/Al ratio) could lead to enhancement of hydride transfer and rapid desorption of carbocations from the Brønsted acid sites, which suppressed side reactions.…”