“…The initial theory presented by Chapman et al (1989Chapman et al ( , 1990 based the residual Helmholtz energy as a function of the Lennard-Jones segment diameter, dispersion forces, chain length, association energy and association volume. Since then, numerous works have been published which enhance and refine the theory by adding perturbations to the Helmholtz energy equation, taking in to account a number of physical phenomena such as self-association (Huang and Radosz, 1990;Tan et al, 2003), cross-association (Rozmus et al, 2012;Rozmus et al, 2011;Nguyen et al, 2013;Nguyen-Huynh et al, 2008Kleiner and Sadowski, 2007), effects due to polar moments (Jog and Chapman, 1999;Jog et al, 2001;Ting et al, 2003;Gross, 2005;Gross and Vrabec, 2006;Kleiner and Gross, 2006), effects due to variable range attractive potentials (Amparo Galindo Lowri and Davies Alejandro Gil-Villegas George, 1998;Mac Dowell et al, 2009McCabe et al, 1999;Rodriguez et al, 2012;Avendaño et al, 2011;GilVillegas et al, 1997), effects due to fused segments rather than tangential segments (Lymperiadis et al, 2007(Lymperiadis et al, , 2008 and ionic attractions between molecules (Chen et al, 2012;Ji and Adidharma, 2010;Paduszyński and Domańska, 2012).…”