Islam and Security in the West

Abstract

In recent years, Europe has seen a significant widening scope of counterterrorism throughout Europe, with a growing focus on concepts of countering violent-and indeed non-violent-extremism as a long-term response to the threat of terrorism (Holmwood and O'Toole 2017;McNeil-Willson 2019). This widening of scope has increasingly been predicated on dealing with the necessary conditions for terrorism, ultimately belying a 'pre-crime' approach which deals with potential factors before violence occurs (Goldberg et al. 2017). This is seen in the proliferation of countering violent extremism (CVE) responses, which can be generally characterized as meeting the following three conditions: 1/the growing impingement of counter-terror measures into public institutions by; 2/aligning public institutions in tackling