“…For the diaspora older adults, however, both religiosity outcomes consistently increased with time and were higher than the AIH cohort. This supports the argument that the immigration process per se can have an impact on religious orientation in terms of inclination, orientation, affiliation, and expression (Ivanescu, 2016;Padilla & Phan, 2014;Snyder, 2012). The postulate that "'place/location' as a variable" has a statistically significant impact on religiosity of older immigrants (Park et al, 2012;Roh, 2010;Stroope et al, 2022)and the 'theory of religious effects' (Smith, 2003) is also substantiated.…”