Islam and Chineseness

From sojourners to citizens: managing the ethnic Chinese minority in Indonesia and Malaysia

“…Whenever politically necessary or expedient, the central identity encouraged is that of the bumi 'imagined community'. As institutional boundaries of ethnicity cannot be crossed, the Chinese are not accepted as bumi, not even through religious conversion or the adoption of the bumi's way of life (Lombard and Simon 1997).…”

Akulturasi budaya tionghoa dan cirebon di kesultanan cirebon

“…Faktor yang terakhir yakni perkawinan sudah dibuktikan Abadi dalam penelitiannya bahwa perkawinan silang (cross culture) adalah lembaga yang mampu menghasilkan pembauran yang berkualitas. 92…”

“…94 Ngafifi mengibaratkannya seperti dua sisi mata uang, kemajuan teknologi di satu sisi 91 Tumanggor dkk., Ilmu Sosial & Budaya…, h. 63. 92 Abadi, "Cross Marriage…, h. 132-148. 93 S. Soemardjan, Perubahan Sosial, (Yogyakarta: Gajah Mada University, 1991).…”

Dutch Commerce and Chinese Merchants in Java

“…Admittedly there are traces of a centuries-old peranakan Muslim subculture and of a rather successful Islamization process, even evoking a resinicization attempt in the second half of the nineteenth century (Lombard & Salmon 1994;Salmon 1996;Salmon 1997: 160-161). Towards the end of the nineteenth century most Chinese were however reluctant to identify themselves with the indigenous masses as they preferred to direct their energy towards the cultivation of a good relationship with the colonial redefining dutch-chinese commercial relations (1890s-1910) 191 89 NA/MIKO 5037, V 17-04-1896, No.…”