ISECG Global Exploration Roadmap: A Stepwise Approach to Deep Space Exploration

Martinez, Roland; Goodliff, Kandyce; Whitley, Ryan J.

doi:10.2514/6.2013-5504

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…This secondary radiation is thought to contribute to the overall radiation exposure as well [ 17 , 18 , 21 , 22 ]. Recently, using NASA's models of risks and uncertainties, predictions were made for cancer and circulatory diseases related to space exploration missions to Mars near the solar minimum [ 2 , 3 ]. It was estimated that radiation induced mortality and morbidity could exceed 5% and 10% with upper 95% confidence interval near 10% and 20% respectively for a Mars mission (Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Space Radiation Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The necessity to protect the human body from the deleterious effects of cosmic radiation has been largely overlooked. For deep space exploration missions, including the mission to Mars, exposure to radiation represents one of several unacceptable risk categories [ 2 , 3 ], since cumulative doses received by astronauts would greatly exceed the human dose limits established within the current NASA radiological protection system [ 4 ]. A 3% exposure-induced death risk limit, mostly from fatal radiation-induced cancer, is set according to this paradigm [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The contribution of the first two to the total dose absorbed by astronauts would obviously be negligible on long-duration missions away from Earth and the Sun. Consequently, GCR consisting mainly of highly-energetic particles (reviewed below) would be the primary type of radiation encountered by humans under this scenario ([ 2 , 3 , 6 ]). It has been estimated that a return trip to Mars could subject astronauts to radiation doses of 660 mSv [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Vive la radiorésistance!: converging research in radiobiology and biogerontology to enhance human radioresistance for deep space exploration and colonization

et al. 2018

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While many efforts have been made to pave the way toward human space colonization, little consideration has been given to the methods of protecting spacefarers against harsh cosmic and local radioactive environments and the high costs associated with protection from the deleterious physiological effects of exposure to high-Linear energy transfer (high-LET) radiation. Herein, we lay the foundations of a roadmap toward enhancing human radioresistance for the purposes of deep space colonization and exploration. We outline future research directions toward the goal of enhancing human radioresistance, including upregulation of endogenous repair and radioprotective mechanisms, possible leeways into gene therapy in order to enhance radioresistance via the translation of exogenous and engineered DNA repair and radioprotective mechanisms, the substitution of organic molecules with fortified isoforms, and methods of slowing metabolic activity while preserving cognitive function. We conclude by presenting the known associations between radioresistance and longevity, and articulating the position that enhancing human radioresistance is likely to extend the healthspan of human spacefarers as well.

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Section: Space Radiation Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Vive la radiorésistance!: converging research in radiobiology and biogerontology to enhance human radioresistance for deep space exploration and colonization

et al. 2018

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“…Human exploration of Mars is one of the key scientific and technological undertakings of our time, providing critical information enabling the discovery and settlement of another world while also facilitating the development of technologies on Earth. Future human space exploration may include returning to the moon, as well as missions to Mars ( Henn, 2013 ; Martinez et al, 2013 ; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2016 ), with NASA aiming to send humans to Mars by the 2030s ( Miranda, 2020 ). Current research and planning to send crewed missions to Mars for long term space exploration has underscored the critical need for advanced Bio-regenerative Life Support Systems (BLSS), which are complex mixtures of biological and engineering systems that include atmosphere revitalization, water recycling, food production, and organic waste recycling ( Revellame et al, 2021 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Growth of Algae Under Low Atmospheric Pressures for Potential Food and Oxygen Production on Mars

et al. 2021

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With long-term missions to Mars and beyond that would not allow resupply, a self-sustaining Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS) is essential. Algae are promising candidates for BLSS due to their completely edible biomass, fast growth rates and ease of handling. Extremophilic algae such as snow algae and halophilic algae may also be especially suited for a BLSS because of their ability to grow under extreme conditions. However, as indicated from over 50 prior space studies examining algal growth, little is known about the growth of algae at close to Mars-relevant pressures. Here, we explored the potential for five algae species to produce oxygen and food under low-pressure conditions relevant to Mars. These included Chloromonas brevispina, Kremastochrysopsis austriaca, Dunaliella salina, Chlorella vulgaris, and Spirulina plantensis. The cultures were grown in duplicate in a low-pressure growth chamber at 670 ± 20 mbar, 330 ± 20 mbar, 160 ± 20 mbar, and 80 ± 2.5 mbar pressures under continuous light exposure (62–70 μmol m–2 s–1). The atmosphere was evacuated and purged with CO2 after sampling each week. Growth experiments showed that D. salina, C. brevispina, and C. vulgaris were the best candidates to be used for BLSS at low pressure. The highest carrying capacities for each species under low pressure conditions were achieved by D. salina at 160 mbar (30.0 ± 4.6 × 105 cells/ml), followed by C. brevispina at 330 mbar (19.8 ± 0.9 × 105 cells/ml) and C. vulgaris at 160 mbar (13.0 ± 1.5 × 105 cells/ml). C. brevispina, D. salina, and C. vulgaris all also displayed substantial growth at the lowest tested pressure of 80 mbar reaching concentrations of 43.4 ± 2.5 × 104, 15.8 ± 1.3 × 104, and 57.1 ± 4.5 × 104 cells per ml, respectively. These results indicate that these species are promising candidates for the development of a Mars-based BLSS using low pressure (∼200–300 mbar) greenhouses and inflatable structures that have already been conceptualized and designed.

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“…To coordinate these efforts in space exploration between space agencies around the world, the International Space Exploration Coordination Group (ISECG) has set up the Global Exploration Roadmap (GER) in 2011 and updated it in 2013 [1]. The GER recognizes that human robot partnership has potential to increase benefits in the exploration of moon or mars.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Software architecture and design of the Kontur-2 mission

Stelzer

Steinmetz

Birkenkampf

et al. 2017

2017 IEEE Aerospace Conference

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This paper describes the software architecture and design of the space segment, communication and ground segment software of the Kontur-2 project, which contributed to the realization of telepresent planetary exploration. The main research objectives in Kontur-2 were the development and in-flight verification of a space qualified two degree of freedom (DoF) force-feedback joystick (RJo) inside the Zvezda Service Module of the International Space Station (ISS), the implementation of telepresence technologies and the study of human performance when controlling a force feedback joystick in microgravity. The project was conducted from 2012 to 2015 by a consortium consisting of the German Aerospace Center (DLR), the Russian Federal Space Agency (ROSCOSMOS), The Russian State Scientific Center for Robotics and Technical Cybernetics (RTC), S. P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation Energia (RSC "Energia") and the Yuri A. Gagarin State Scientific Researchand-Testing Cosmonaut Training Center (GCTC). The DLR conducted two sets of experiments in which a cosmonaut on ISS used RJo to perform different tasks with robots located on-ground. The first set was conducted with a two DoF robot equipped with a camera system, a task board and torque sensors that allowed the cosmonaut to perceive forces caused by contacts with the environment. For the second set of experiments we used a humanoid robot to perform a tele-handshake and a cooperative task between the cosmonaut on ISS and colleagues at RTC in St. Petersburg.

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ISECG Global Exploration Roadmap: A Stepwise Approach to Deep Space Exploration

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Vive la radiorésistance!: converging research in radiobiology and biogerontology to enhance human radioresistance for deep space exploration and colonization

Vive la radiorésistance!: converging research in radiobiology and biogerontology to enhance human radioresistance for deep space exploration and colonization

Investigating the Growth of Algae Under Low Atmospheric Pressures for Potential Food and Oxygen Production on Mars

Software architecture and design of the Kontur-2 mission

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