Ischemic stroke in Greyhounds: 21 cases (2007–2013)

Kent, Marc; Glass, Eric N.; Haley, Allison; March, Phillip; Rozanski, Elizabeth A.; Galban, Evelyn M.; A, Bertalan; Platt, Simon R.

doi:10.2460/javma.245.1.113

Cited by 19 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…The median age of dogs at inclusion was 9 years and 11 months, which is in accordance with previously reported median and mean ages in dogs affected by ischaemic stroke (median ages = 8 to 9 years) (Garosi et al 2006, Goncalves et al 2011, Gredal et al 2013b, Kent et al 2014), brain tumours (median age = 9 years) (Bagley et al 1999), and idiopathic vestibular syndrome (mean age = 9.4 years), respectively (Schunk & Averill Jr 1983). Bearing in mind the relatively high age at presentation, an overall median survival of 11 months amongst dogs surviving the acute incident is considered good, as is a median age at death in this study of nearly 13 years, which is comparable with the median age at death in a general dog population (Proschowsky et al 2003).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

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Diagnosis and long‐term outcome in dogs with acute onset intracranial signs

Gredal

Thomsen

Westrup

et al. 2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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Objectives: To investigate dogs with acute onset of intracranial signs suspected of stroke by primary veterinary clinicians, and establish possible differential diagnoses and long-term outcome. In addition, serum C-reactive protein and plasma cytokines were investigated as potential biomarkers of disease.Materials and MethOds: All cases were evaluated by neurologic examination, routine haematology and biochemistry and measurement of serum C-reactive protein, plasma cytokine concentrations (interleukin-2, -6, -8, -10, tumour necrosis factor) and low-field MRI.results: Primary veterinarians contacted the investigators with 85 suspected stroke cases. Only 20 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, two were diagnosed with ischaemic stroke. Other causes were idiopathic vestibular syndrome (n=6), brain tumour (n=5) and inflammatory brain disease (n=2); in five cases a precise diagnosis could not be determined. Median survival times were: brain tumour, 3 days, idiopathic vestibular syndrome, 315 days, ischaemic stroke, 365 days and inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) disease, 468 days. The median plasma concentrations of interleukin-2, -6, -8, -10 or tumour necrosis factor were not significantly increased in any of the diagnosis groups compared to healthy controls. Serum C-reactive protein was higher in dogs with brain tumours and inflammatory brain disease but not above the upper bound of the reference interval.clinical significance: Dogs that present with acute onset intracranial disease may have ischaemic stroke but are more likely to have other causes. Many dogs with such acute onset of neurological dysfunction (brain tumours excluded) may recover within a couple of weeks despite their initial severe clinical appearance. a These authors shared first authorship.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 87%

“…, Kent et al . ), brain tumours (median age = 9 years) (Bagley et al . ), and idiopathic vestibular syndrome (mean age = 9.4 years), respectively (Schunk & Averill Jr ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosis and long‐term outcome in dogs with acute onset intracranial signs

Gredal

Thomsen

Westrup

et al. 2019

J of Small Animal Practice

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“…However, the number of publications is still limited, and only a few studies between 2005 and 2014 include a reasonable number of cases (ranging from 12 to 40 dogs) [ 4 , 7 – 12 ]. Based on the current literature, it appears that infarcts located to the cerebellum may be particularly frequent in dogs [ 7 , 9 , 10 , 13 – 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neurological signs in 23 dogs with suspected rostral cerebellar ischaemic stroke

Thomsen

Garosi²,

Skerritt

et al. 2015

Acta Vet Scand

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BackgroundIn dogs with ischaemic stroke, a very common site of infarction is the cerebellum. The aim of this study was to characterise neurological signs in relation to infarct topography in dogs with suspected cerebellar ischaemic stroke and to report short-term outcome confined to the hospitalisation period. A retrospective multicentre study of dogs with suspected cerebellar ischaemic stroke examined from 2010–2015 at five veterinary referral hospitals was performed. Findings from clinical, neurological, and paraclinical investigations including magnetic resonance imaging were assessed.ResultsTwenty-three dogs, 13 females and 10 males with a median age of 8 years and 8 months, were included in the study. The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (n = 9) was a commonly represented breed. All ischaemic strokes were located to the vascular territory of the rostral cerebellar artery including four extensive and 19 limited occlusions. The most prominent neurological deficits were gait abnormalities (ataxia with hypermetria n = 11, ataxia without hypermetria n = 4, non-ambulatory n = 6), head tilt (n = 13), nystagmus (n = 8), decreased menace response (n = 7), postural reaction deficits (n = 7), and proprioceptive deficits (n = 5). Neurological signs appeared irrespective of the infarct being classified as extensive or limited. All dogs survived and were discharged within 1–10 days of hospitalisation.ConclusionsDogs affected by rostral cerebellar ischaemic stroke typically present with a collection of neurological deficits characterised by ataxia, head tilt, and nystagmus irrespective of the specific cerebellar infarct topography. In dogs with peracute to acute onset of these neurological deficits, cerebellar ischaemic stroke should be considered an important differential diagnosis, and neuroimaging investigations are indicated. Although dogs are often severely compromised at presentation, short-term prognosis is excellent and rapid clinical improvement may be observed within the first week following the ischaemic stroke.

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“…[4][5][6] Neurodegenerative diseases (e.g, cognitive impairment, stroke), chronic gastrointestinal disease, and metabolic and endocrine disorders have also been associated with hyperhomocysteinemia in humans. 4,5,8,10,11 Recently, cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19] and an increased frequency of hypocobalaminemia 1 also have been described in Greyhounds. Furthermore, hyperhomocysteinemia in dogs with suspected chronic gastrointestinal disease is associated with hypocobalaminemia, 20 which in turn has been linked to hypoalbuminemia.…”

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confidence: 99%

Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables

Heilmann

Grützner

Iazbik

et al. 2016

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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BackgroundFolate and cobalamin are essential cofactors for homocysteine (HCY) metabolism. Hyperhomocysteinemia, a multifactorial condition, may reflect B vitamin deficiency and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease, thrombosis, and neurodegenerative and chronic gastrointestinal diseases in humans. Hyperhomocysteinemia has been reported in Greyhounds with suspected chronic enteropathy.ObjectivesTo evaluate the frequencies of and the association between hypofolatemia and hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds.AnimalsData and serum samples from 559 Greyhounds.MethodsNested case‐control study. The frequency of hypofolatemia in Greyhounds was determined by a laboratory database search. The relationship between hyperhomocysteinemia (measured by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry) and hypocobalaminemia and hypofolatemia was evaluated, and its frequency compared between healthy Greyhounds and Greyhounds with thrombosis or chronic diarrhea.ResultsHypofolatemia was identified in 172 of 423 (41%) Greyhounds and was more common in hypo‐ than in normocobalaminemic dogs (49% vs. 35%; P = .0064). Hyperhomocysteinemia was detected in 53 of 78 (68%) of Greyhounds, being more common in hypo‐ than in normofolatemic dogs (88% vs. 59%; P = .0175). All healthy Greyhounds, 21 of 30 (70%) of dogs with chronic diarrhea and 6 of 8 (75%) of those with thrombosis, were hyperhomocysteinemic. Serum HCY concentrations were inversely correlated with serum folate concentration (ρ = −0.28; P = .0386) and were positively associated with serum albumin concentration (ρ = 0.66; P = .0022).Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceHyperhomocysteinemia occurs frequently in the Greyhound population. Its association with hypofolatemia suggests decreased intracellular availability of B vitamins, but the functional implications warrant further investigation. Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds potentially may serve as a spontaneous canine model to further investigate hyperhomocysteinemia in humans.

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Ischemic stroke in Greyhounds: 21 cases (2007–2013)

Cited by 19 publications

References 22 publications

Diagnosis and long‐term outcome in dogs with acute onset intracranial signs

Diagnosis and long‐term outcome in dogs with acute onset intracranial signs

Neurological signs in 23 dogs with suspected rostral cerebellar ischaemic stroke

Hyperhomocysteinemia in Greyhounds and its Association with Hypofolatemia and Other Clinicopathologic Variables

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