ISCEV Standard for full-field clinical electroretinography (2008 update)

Marmor, Michael F.; Fulton, Anne B.; Holder, Graham E.; Miyake, Yoichi; Brigell, Mitchell; Bach, Michael

doi:10.1007/s10633-008-9155-4

Cited by 846 publications

(569 citation statements)

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“…ERG amplitudes were measured according to a method described previously. 22 In brief, the amplitude of the a-wave was measured from baseline to trough and the b-wave from the trough of the a-wave to the highest peak of the b-wave. …”

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confidence: 99%

Ischemic neurons prevent vascular regeneration of neural tissue by secreting semaphorin 3A

Joyal

Sitaras

Binet

et al. 2011

Blood

161

204

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The failure of blood vessels to revascularize ischemic neural tissue represents a significant challenge for vascular biology. Examples include proliferative retinopathies (PRs) such as retinopathy of prematurity and proliferative diabetic retinopathy, which are the leading causes of blindness in children and working-age adults. PRs are characterized by initial microvascular degeneration, followed by a compensatory albeit pathologic hypervascularization mounted by the hypoxic retina attempting to reinstate metabolic equilibrium. Paradoxically, this secondary revascularization fails to grow into the most ischemic regions of the retina. Instead, the new vessels are misdirected toward the vitreous, suggesting that vasorepulsive forces operate in the avascular hypoxic retina. In the present study, we demonstrate that the neuronal guidance cue semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) IntroductionProliferative retinopathies (PRs) are traditionally perceived as disorders limited to the microvasculature because of the characteristic profuse and deregulated growth of retinal vessels. 1 The mechanisms by which neovessels grow toward the vitreous and fail to revascularize ischemic zones are thought to result from high concentrations of proangiogenic factors such as VEGF in the vitreous of PR patients. However, if such an explanation were sufficient, retinal glial cells (astrocytes and Müller cells) 2 and neurons 3 that produce vast amounts of growth factors under hypoxic conditions should retain vessels on the retinal surface and ensure revascularization of the retina proper. It is, therefore, compelling to hypothesize the presence of a vasorepulsive force originating from the significantly hypoxic avascular retina that repels neovessels away from the vaso-obliterated retina and grows toward the vitreous.Neurovascular cross-talk shapes vascular development but has received limited attention in the pathology setting. In PRs, evidence points to an early decline in the function of ischemic regions of the neural retina, as shown by multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG). 4,5 Throughout the vaso-obliterative phase of retinopathy, the local retinal environment is hostile to both vasculature and neurons. 6 After blood vessel degeneration, neurons are metabolically starved and undergo several adaptive cellular changes to counter the ischemic state of the tissue. 3,6 If adequate vascular supply is not reinstated in time to salvage deprived neurons, it is conceivable that these severely hypoxic cells may mount a repulsive front in an attempt to shunt metabolic resources away from the perishing ischemic tissue toward less affected regions of the retina. In the process, excessive production of VEGF 7 induces exaggerated neovascularization at the periphery of the ischemic and repulsive zones into the pre-retinal region (normally devoid of vasculature), because reestablishing a vascular network to neurons that are unsalvageable would be wasteful.Given their established role in influencing endothelial cell (EC) behavior, classic neuronal guidance cues may ...

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Ischemic neurons prevent vascular regeneration of neural tissue by secreting semaphorin 3A

Joyal

Sitaras

Binet

et al. 2011

Blood

161

204

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“…It includes guidelines for technical procedures that ensure the reproducibility of ERGs. These guidelines are updated every few years (Marmor et al 2009). …”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The usefulness of ERG in the diagnostics of retinal diseases has been confirmed in numerous publications (see, for example, the excellent reviews by Ofri (2002) and Ekesten (2013)). In order to provide guidelines for ERG examinations in dogs, the ECVO proposed a protocol for clinical canine ERGs (Narfstrom et al 2002) that was similar to the ISCEV protocol (Marmor et al 2009). They still required the implementation of procedures that significantly diverge from those used in humans, e.g.…”

Section: Historymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…humans and dogs, generated different results. The ground electrode is usually placed on a Fpz point (Figures 5 and 6) or near the auricle (Mentzer et al 2005;Marmor et al 2009). In order to achieve the best noise reduction, the distance between electrodes should be as small as possible (Acland 1988;Komaromy et al 1998;Narfstrom et al 2002).…”

Section: Factors Affecting Erg Recordingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electroretinography in dogs: a review

Drazek¹,

Lew²,

Lew³

et al. 2014

Vet. Med. - Czech

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Electroretinography (ERG) in the form of full-field, flash ERG is the most commonly used technique in veterinary ophthalmology for diagnosing the functioning of the outer retina. Under light stimulation spatially distributed different cell types within the retina produce time-varying electric responses. These are recorded in the form of ERG traces consisting of a series of positive and negative wavelets. The possibility of selective stimulation of individual types of retinal cells and the analysis of constituent components of ERGs are the basis for determining the source of abnormalities and diagnosis of various types of dysfunction. In many cases, the ERG allows diagnosis of hereditary retinal disorders in dogs before the appearance of behavioural and ophthalmoscopic symptoms. This review is an introduction to the electrophysiology of vision, intended for small animal practitioners, and aimed at presenting the benefits of ERG for early ophthalmic diagnostics in dogs.Keywords: ERG; ophthalmology; PRA; retina

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“…The determination of normal ERG values is of great importance for clinical practice, considering that there are numerous intrinsic and extrinsic factors influencing the ERG recordings including the age and breeds of the animal (Itoh et al, 2010), the environment and body temperature (Mizota and Adachi-Usami, 2002), pupil diameter, intraocular pressure and eye movement (Marmor et al, 2009;Grozdanic et al, 2010;Nair et al, 2011), electrode type and position (Mentzer et al, 2005), stage of retinal dark adaptation (Maehara et al, 2015), anesthesia technique (Norman et al, 2008;Lin et al, 2009). All of that contribute to interfere with the values obtained from ERG recording; therefore, the investigations aiming to establish a normal range still continue.…”

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confidence: 99%