Isatin derivatives as broad-spectrum antiviral agents: the current landscape

Abstract

In recent decades, several viruses have resulted in large outbreaks with serious health, economic and social consequences. The current unprecedented outbreak of the new coronavirus, SARS-COV-2, necessitates intensive efforts for delivering effective therapies to eradicate such a deadly virus. Isatin is an opulent heterocycle that has been proven to provide tremendous opportunities in the area of drug discovery. Over the last fifty years, suitably functionalized isatin has shown remarkable and broad-spectrum antiviral properties. The review herein is an attempt to compile all of the reported information about the antiviral activity of isatin derivatives with an emphasis on their structure-activity relationships (SARs) along with mechanistic and molecular modeling studies. In this regard, we are confident that the review will afford the scientific community a valuable platform to generate more potent and cost-effective antiviral therapies based on isatin templates.

Synthesis, SARS‐CoV‐2 3CL main protease inhibitor, anti‐inflammatory, and wound‐healing effects of a zinc(II)‐thiosemicarbazone complex

“…13 C signals at 19.93 (16) and 55.76 (17) ppm verified the presence of the coordinated ethyl alcohol. The signal at 13.00 ppm showed that the S CH 3 (7) group in the starting material was protected, whereas the CH N ( 8) and O CH 3 (13) carbons of the aldehyde added by the template reaction were observed at 159.92 and 56.14 ppm, respectively.…”

“…Studies on isatin thiosemicarbazones, favorite compounds of the subject, have provided an important contribution to the purpose of reaching an antiviral ingredient, and some of them have also been examined for human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs). [3][4][5][6][7] Some of the other notable thiosemicarbazones are those derived from acetylpyridine, [8,9] pyridazine, [10] and α-amino acids. [11] Further, it was shown that platinum-and palladium-containing thiosemicarbazones have antiviral activity.…”

Glyco-conjugated thiosemicarbazones of substituted isatin containing D-galactose moiety: Synthesis, bacterial/fungal inhibition assay and molecular docking study

“…Isatin-based thiosemicarbazones are also among the derivatives of this type of isatin [1]. They also demonstrate the abundant and versatile reactivity of thiosemicarbazones while giving this such compound framework interesting biological activities, such as antiviral [12], antimycobacterial [13], anticancer [14], antibacterial [15], antifungal [16], anti-in ammatory [17], Alzheimer's [18], and antitumor [19] activity.…”

Design, Synthesis and In Vitro Evaluation of Spirooxindole-Based Phenylsulfonyl Moiety as a Candidate Anti-SAR-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV-2 with the Implementation of Combination Studies

“…Out of the 30 oxindole derivatives computed, only four hits showed a strong binding affinity and low energy; interestingly, one hit of those leads was designed and synthesized by Barakat et al [ 15 ]. A recent study concluded about the potential scope of isatin derivatives for SARS-CoV-2 as protease inhibitors [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Therefore, to discover this spirooxindole scaffold as being anti-coronavirus is quite interesting.…”