Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID‐19 in children?

Yılmaz, Kamil; Şen, Velat

doi:10.1002/ppul.25106

Cited by 82 publications

(145 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…All studies, except for 2, included both male and female participants; in 1 study, participants were only male ( 30 ), and in another, only females were included ( 31 ). Nine studies were not included in the analysis because 4 of them were only descriptive [only reported concentration of 25(OH)D in patients; Supplemental Table 2 ] ( 31–34 ), 1 study was in children ( 35 ), and 4 were different in design from other studies [they assessed the effect of 25(OH)D 3 supplementation instead of 25(OH)D measurement] ( 14 , 36–38 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Kazemi

Mohammadi

Aghababaee

et al. 2021

Advances in Nutrition

107

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This systematic review was conducted to summarize and clarify the evidence on the association between 25-hydroxyvitamin-D [25(OH)D] concentrations and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) risk and outcomes. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases and Google Scholar were searched up to 26 November 2020. All retrospective and prospective cohort, cross-sectional, case-control, and randomized controlled trial studies that investigated the relation between 25(OH)D and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19 severity were included. Thirty-nine studies were included in the current systematic review. In studies that were adjusted (OR: 1.77; 95% CI: 1.24, 2.53; I2: 44.2%) and nonadjusted for confounders (OR: 1.75; 95% CI: 1.44, 2.13; I2: 33.0%) there was a higher risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the vitamin D deficiency (VDD) group. Fifteen studies evaluated associations between VDD and composite severity. In the studies that were adjusted (OR: 2.57; 95% CI: 1.65, 4.01; I2 = 0.0%) and nonadjusted for confounders (OR: 10.61; 95% CI: 2.07, 54.23; I2 = 90.8%) there was a higher severity in the VDD group. Analysis of studies with crude OR (OR: 2.62; 95% CI: 1.13, 6.05; I2: 47.9%), and adjusted studies that used the Cox survival method (HR: 2.35; 95% CI: 1.22, 4.52; I2: 84%) indicated a significant association of VDD with mortality, while in adjusted studies that used logistic regression, no relation was observed (OR: 1.05; 95% CI: 0.63, 1.75; I2: 76.6%). The results of studies that examined relations between VDD and intensive care unit (ICU) admission, pulmonary complications, hospitalization, and inflammation were inconsistent. In conclusion, although studies were heterogeneous in methodological and statistical approach, most of them indicated a significant relation between 25(OH)D and SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 composite severity, and mortality. With regard to infection, caution should be taken in interpreting the results, due to inherent study limitations. For ICU admission, inflammation, hospitalization, and pulmonary involvement, the evidence is currently inconsistent and insufficient.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Kazemi

Mohammadi

Aghababaee

et al. 2021

Advances in Nutrition

107

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“…Ye et al also revealed that VDD was a risk factor for COVID-19, especially for severe/critical cases (31). Moreover, other studies showed a lower vitamin D level in COVID-19 patients than the control group (20,21,26). A study done in Saudi Arabia found that 74.7% of COVID-19 patients had VDD and they were 7 times at risk of mortality [HR 7.0 (CI 1.7-28.2); p = 0.007] (28).…”

Section: Results Of Individual Studiesmentioning

confidence: 94%

“…The sample size of the studies ranged from 134 to 79,381. The studies were conducted in Europe (14,(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25), America (26,27), and Asia (28)(29)(30)(31)(32). Moreover, the studies were cohort studies (14,22,25,27,30), case-control studies (20,21,26,31,32), cross-sectional studies (23,28,29) and interim audit (24) (see Table 1).…”

Section: Study Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Teshome

Adane

Girma

et al. 2021

Front. Public Health

111

101

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Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a respiratory and systemic disorder caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or novel Coronavirus (nCoV). To date, there is no proven curative treatment for this virus; as a result, prevention remains to be the best strategy to combat coronavirus infection (COVID-19). Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) has been proposed to play a role in coronavirus infection (COVID-19). However, there is no conclusive evidence on its impact on COVID-19 infection. Therefore, the present review aimed to summarize the available evidence regarding the association between Vitamin D levels and the risk of COVID-19 infection.Methods: A systematic literature search of databases (PUBMED/MEDLINE, Cochrane/Wiley library, Scopus, and SciELO) were conducted from May 15, 2020, to December 20, 2020. Studies that assessed the effect of vitamin D level on COVID-19/SARS-2 infection were considered for the review. The qualities of the included studies were evaluated using the JBI tools. Meta-analysis with a random-effects model was conducted and odds ratio with their 95%CI were reported. This systematic review and meta-analysis are reported according to the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis (PRISMA) guideline.Results: The electronic and supplementary searches for this review yielded 318 records from which, only 14 of them met the inclusion criteria. The qualitative synthesis indicated that vitamin D deficient individuals were at higher risk of COVID-19 infection as compared to vitamin D sufficient patients. The pooled analysis showed that individuals with Vitamin-D deficiency were 80% more likely to acquire COVID-19 infection as compared to those who have sufficient Vitamin D levels (OR = 1.80; 95%CI: 1.72, 1.88). Begg's test also revealed that there was no significant publication bias between the studies (P = 0.764). The subgroup analysis revealed that the risk of acquiring COVID-19 infection was relatively higher in the case-control study design (OR = 1.81).Conclusions: In conclusion, low serum 25 (OH) Vitamin-D level was significantly associated with a higher risk of COVID-19 infection. The limited currently available data suggest that sufficient Vitamin D level in serum is associated with a significantly decreased risk of COVID-19 infection.

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“…In Table 1B , we report findings from 21 studies in which 25(OH)D levels were measured in individuals hospitalized for COVID-19 or after confirmed positive test for SARS-CoV-2 (via PCR) ( Table 1B ). Eleven of these studies reported significantly lower 25(OH)D levels for those with COVID-19 or who were positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to control groups ( 204 , 205 , 207 – 209 , 211 , 212 , 214 , 218 , 219 , 223 ). Many of these studies were limited by their small sample size, a lack of clarity on what assay was used to measure 25(OH)D, and that 25(OH)D levels were not measured before infection was diagnosed.…”

Section: Vitamin D and Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Gorman

Weller

2020

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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During the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic, researchers have been seeking low-cost and accessible means of providing protection from its harms, particularly for at-risk individuals such as those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. One possible way is via safe sun exposure, and/or dietary supplementation with induced beneficial mediators (e.g., vitamin D). In this narrative review, we provide rationale and updated evidence on the potential benefits and harms of sun exposure and ultraviolet (UV) light that may impact COVID-19. We review recent studies that provide new evidence for any benefits (or otherwise) of UV light, sun exposure, and the induced mediators, vitamin D and nitric oxide, and their potential to modulate morbidity and mortality induced by infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus-2). We identified substantial interest in this research area, with many commentaries and reviews already published; however, most of these have focused on vitamin D, with less consideration of UV light (or sun exposure) or other mediators such as nitric oxide. Data collected to-date suggest that ambient levels of both UVA and UVB may be beneficial for reducing severity or mortality due to COVID-19, with some inconsistent findings. Currently unresolved are the nature of the associations between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D and COVID-19 measures, with more prospective data needed that better consider lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and personal sun exposure levels. Another short-coming has been a lack of measurement of sun exposure, and its potential to influence COVID-19 outcomes. We also discuss possible mechanisms by which sun exposure, UV light and induced mediators could affect COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, by focusing on likely effects on viral pathogenesis, immunity and inflammation, and potential cardiometabolic protective mechanisms. Finally, we explore potential issues including the impacts of exposure to high dose UV radiation on COVID-19 and vaccination, and effective and safe doses for vitamin D supplementation.

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Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for COVID‐19 in children?

Cited by 82 publications

References 35 publications

Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Association of Vitamin D Status with SARS-CoV-2 Infection or COVID-19 Severity: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

The Impact of Vitamin D Level on COVID-19 Infection: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

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