Is Vitamin B12 Deficiency a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Vegetarians?

Pawlak, Roman

doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2015.02.009

Cited by 86 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 70 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…The MCV and red cell distribution width (RDW) may increase in case of reduced availability of Cbl because of underlying hematopoietic alterations [102,103]. …”

Section: Assessment and Diagnostic Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shortage of Cbl for low or no intake from food has been documented in low-income populations with poor nutritional status or in the case of vegetarians, with the first reports among vegetarian Indian people and Seventh-Day Adventist Church members [108,109]. Recent studies reported low serum cobalamin among vegetarians [103]. A deficiency in 11%–90% of elderly, 62% of pregnant women, 25%–86% of children, and 21%–41% of adolescents has been documented [110].…”

Section: Status Among Vegetariansmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation

Rizzo¹,

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Cobalamin is an essential molecule for humans. It acts as a cofactor in one-carbon transfers through methylation and molecular rearrangement. These functions take place in fatty acid, amino acid and nucleic acid metabolic pathways. The deficiency of vitamin B12 is clinically manifested in the blood and nervous system where the cobalamin plays a key role in cell replication and in fatty acid metabolism. Hypovitaminosis arises from inadequate absorption, from genetic defects that alter transport through the body, or from inadequate intake as a result of diet. With the growing adoption of vegetarian eating styles in Western countries, there is growing focus on whether diets that exclude animal foods are adequate. Since food availability in these countries is not a problem, and therefore plant foods are sufficiently adequate, the most delicate issue remains the contribution of cobalamin, which is poorly represented in plants. In this review, we will discuss the status of vitamin B12 among vegetarians, the diagnostic markers for the detection of cobalamin deficiency and appropriate sources for sufficient intake, through the description of the features and functions of vitamin B12 and its absorption mechanism.

show abstract

“…The MCV and red cell distribution width (RDW) may increase in case of reduced availability of Cbl because of underlying hematopoietic alterations [102,103]. …”

Section: Assessment and Diagnostic Markersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Status Among Vegetariansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation

Rizzo¹,

et al. 2016

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Some LAB strains were shown to produce cholesterol-lowering, antimicrobial, antioxidant, immune-modulating, chaperone-like, and opioid/opioid antagonist peptides (Enrica and Simona, 2016). Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) deficiency was previously associated with hematological and neurological disorders and myocardial infarction, as humans cannot produce vitamin B12, but instead obtain it primarily through foods of animal origin, such as milk, meat, and eggs (Pawlak, 2015). Therefore, vegetarians have an increased risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of a Potential Probiotic, Lactobacillus casei L4, in the Preparation of Fermented Coconut Water Beverage

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Coconut water (CW) is a clear, nutritive liquid found as the coconut endosperm of green coconuts such as Cocos nucifera L., and its widespread consumption owes to its unique composition of sugars, minerals, vitamins, enzymes, and hormones. Probiotic fermentation of CW may facilitate the development of an improved functional beverage with probiotic benefits; therefore, we aimed to produce a fermented CW beverage using the potential probiotic Lactobacillus casei L4. CW was fermented with L. casei L4 for 48 h at 35°C, and the pH, organic acid-production rate, antioxidant activity, antibacterial activity, sugar, mineral, vitamin B12 levels, and total viable bacteria counts were investigated at 24 and 48 h. We demonstrated that the fermentation of CW with probiotic lactobacilli increased the cell viability count. Vitamin B12 production was highest in the extracellular environment at 48 h (11.47 μg/mL), while the total phenolic content was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the fermented CW at 48 h (72.1 μg/mL gallic acid equivalents) than observed with the other investigated groups or time points. The fermented materials exhibited the highest 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical-scavenging activities at 48 h (58.4 and 69.2%, respectively). The levels of most minerals remained unchanged in the fermented CW, except for calcium, manganese, phosphorus, and sodium. Furthermore, the culture supernatant from fermented CW inhibited the growth of foodborne pathogens such as Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella typhi, although the degree of inhibition varied between the species. Moreover, adding 15% honey and artificial coconut flavor to the fermented CW resulted in a better-tasting product, as demonstrated by a sensory-evaluation test. The obtained results indicated that the CW product fermented by L. casei L4 may be used as a novel functional beverage containing both electrolytes and probiotics, and can serve as a good vehicle for preparing a wider range of novel products.

show abstract

“…Furthermore, vitamin B12 plays an important role in the one carbon metabolism and its deficiency may lead to hyperhomocysteinemia [4]. Vitamin B12 deficiency has been accordingly associated with increased risk for cardiovascular diseases, including coronary disease and stroke [5]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin B12 Deficiency and the Role of Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Large Cohort

et al. 2018

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Vitamin B12 deficiency is associated with hematological, neurological, and cardiovascular consequences. Epidemiologic data on these related illnesses indicate gender differences. Methods: A cross-sectional study was designed to examine gender differences in vitamin B12 deficiency among a healthy population. Data from healthy individuals aged 18–65, who were provided with a routine medical evaluation during 2000–2014, were retrieved from the medical charts. Individuals with background illnesses and those who had used medications or nutritional supplements were excluded. Vitamin B12 deficiency was defined by 2 cutoff values (206 and 140 pmol/L). The multivariate analysis was adjusted for age, body mass index, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hyperhomocysteinemia, folate deficiency, albumin, and transferrin saturation. Sensitivity analyses were implemented by excluding individuals with anemia, hyperhomocysteinemia, or folate deficiency and by age stratification. Results: In all, 7,963 individuals met the inclusion criteria. Serum vitamin B12 mean levels were 312.36 and 284.31 pmol/L for women and men respectively (p < 0.001). Deficiency prevalence was greater for men (25.5%) in comparison with women (18.9%; p < 0.001). Men were strongly associated with severe deficiency (adjusted OR 2.26; 95% CI 1.43–3.56). Conclusions: Among the healthy population, men are susceptible to vitamin B12 deficiency. This can be explained by neither diet habits nor estrogen effects. Genetic variations are therefore hypothesized to play a role.

show abstract

Is Vitamin B12 Deficiency a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease in Vegetarians?

Cited by 86 publications

References 70 publications

Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation

Vitamin B12 among Vegetarians: Status, Assessment and Supplementation

Use of a Potential Probiotic, Lactobacillus casei L4, in the Preparation of Fermented Coconut Water Beverage

Vitamin B12 Deficiency and the Role of Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study of a Large Cohort

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About