Is visual information integrated across saccades?

Rayner, Keith; Pollatsek, Alexander

doi:10.3758/bf03205894

Cited by 154 publications

(108 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Instead, unlimited-capacity parallel models have been largely dismissed on the basis of evidence from two related topics of investigation. First, people do not form a composite visual pattern from two component patterns viewed in successive eye fixations (Bridgeman & Mayer, 1983;Irwin, Brown, & Sun, 1988;Rayner & Pollatsek, 1983; though see Brockmole, Wang, & Irwin, 2002). Furthermore, reading is apparently unaffected when the letters of words are alternated between upper and lowercase characters during eye movements (McConkie & Zola, 1979).…”

Section: Implications Of Change Detection Constraint On Capacity Limimentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting changes between real-world objects using spatiochromatic filters

Zelinsky

2003

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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Our ability to detect change between real-world scenes is rich in information about how we represent the visual world. Of particular recent interest has been the information also available from change detection failures, cases in which observers are seemingly "blind" to the occurrence of a change (Rensink, 2002;. Whereas correct change detection judgments imply a successful representation and comparison of the objects undergoing change, systematic failures to detect change may indicate weaknesses or holes in a representational structure.In the present study, I use behavioral and imageprocessing techniques to explore the representational constraints revealed by a change detection task. I will first discuss three forms of representational limitation likely to affect change detection behavior, loosely characterized as memory-, attention-, and similarity-based constraints. I will argue that renewed attention should be paid especially to the visual similarity relationships between the objects undergoing change. Second, I will explore the theoretical implications that these various forms of constraint have for capacity-limited models of change detection, arguing that higher level processes or parameters should be assumed only after similarity-based constraints have been found inadequate for explaining the observed data. Third, I will report a behavioral experiment demonstrating a similarity-based constraint, one involving an effect of orientation and categorical similarity on change detection. Last, I will outline an imagebased representational substrate capable of capturing these effects of visual similarity on real-world change detection performance. This f inal contribution of the study is particularly important in that a simple technique is described that can be used to quantify the visual similarity relationships between pre-and postchange patterns regardless of their featural complexity. Moreover, this technique is framed in terms of a computational model. Despite the prominent use of realistic stimuli in the change detection literature, no computationally explicit model has been demonstrated to work for real-world changes. The present work is intended to help bridge this gap between change detection theory and the stimuli commonly used to investigate this behavior. Sources of Representational Constraint in a Change Detection TaskThe representational weaknesses revealed by change detection failure are described most often in terms of memory and attentional constraints. Memory-based detection failures will result if the objects undergoing change are not represented in an enduring form (Grimes, 1996;O'Regan, 1992), or if a coherent representation of the prechange object does not exist at the time of the postchange comparison (Rensink, 2000a). Memory might also constrain performance if the number of objects in the prechange scene exceeds a capacity limit imposed by working memory (but see Rensink, 2000b), or if the build-up I thank George McConkie and Gary Wolverton for the stimulus presentation environment used in...

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Section: Implications Of Change Detection Constraint On Capacity Limimentioning

confidence: 99%

Detecting changes between real-world objects using spatiochromatic filters

Zelinsky

2003

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review

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“…However, despite the intuitive appeal of this hypothesis, ample empirical evidence has demonstrated that it is probably wrong. Several investigators have found that subjects are unable to fuse pre-and postsaccadic patterns in successive fixations to obtain an integrated composite pattern (e.g., Irwin, 1983;O'Regan and Levy-Schoen, 1983;Rayner and Pollatsek, 1983; for a comprehensive overview see also Irwin, 1993a). Moreover, it has been shown that changing the visual characteristics of words and pictures, such as object size or letter case, has no disruptive effect on word or picture naming (e.g., McConkie and Zola, 1979;Rayner et al, 1980).…”

Section: Transsaccadic Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Transsaccadic memory of position and form

Deubel

Schneider

Bridgeman

2002

The Brain's Eye: Neurobiological and Clinical Aspects of Oculomotor Research

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Why and how people perceive the visual world as continuous and stable, despite the gross changes of its retinal projection that occur with each saccade, is one of the classic problems in perception. In the present paper, we argue that an important factor of visual stability and transsaccadic perception is formed by the reafferent visual information, i.e., the visual display that is present when the eyes land. After a review of some of the relevant theoretical, behavioural and physiological research on space constancy, saccadic suppression and transsaccadic memory, three experiments are presented. In a first experiment, we study the effect of an extended horizontal bar covering the target area for a short period after the saccade on saccadic suppression of image displacement. The results show that the bar acts just like a temporary blanking of the saccade target, leading to a strong reduction of saccadic suppression. In the second experiment, we show that any object that is present immediately after the saccade can establish a spatial reference, even if it is dissimilar to the saccade target. In a third experiment we study, with a similar approach, the effect of blanking and postsaccadic information on transsaccadic integration of form information. The data demonstrate that a localized postsaccadic object tends to replace the content of transsaccadic memory.

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confidence: 99%

“…A significant naming time benefit was found when the preview was visually similar and conceptually dissimilar to the target (e.g., when the preview was a carrot and the target was a baseball bat). Similarly, Irwin (1991) showed that subjects could decide with good accuracy (about 70%) whether a dot pattern presented in one fixation matched a second pattern presented in a subsequent fixation (see, also, Henderson, 1997;Irwin, Yantis, & Jonides, 1983;O'Regan & Levy-Schoen, 1983;and Rayner & Pollatsek, 1983, for further supporting evidence against the retention ofhighly detailed point-by-point information in transsaccadic memory using a variety of stimuli).Although the abstract nature of visual information has been rather firmly established, the level ofrepresentation at which visual information is retained remains uncertain. Irwin (1991) has shown that transsaccadic memory shares a number of properties with visual short-term memory, a memory store that exists within eye fixations (see, e.g., Phillips, 1974), and has suggested that they may in fact be the same memory structure.…”

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confidence: 99%

Memory for relational information across eye movements

Carlson-Radvansky

1999

Perception & Psychophysics

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Structural descriptions are hierarchical representations of a visual stimulus in terms of its parts and their relations, Previous research in which the retention of parts was examined has shown that structural descriptions can be used to represent information in transsaccadic memory, In three experiments, this idea was tested further by examining whether relational information is also maintained across saccades. Experiment 1, in which a same/different comparison task was used, showed that both part and relation information are retained across fixations in the same manner as within a fixation. Experiment 2 showed that such retention is impervious to instruction. Finally, Experiment 3, in which a new set of stimuli was used, demonstrated that both coordinate and categorical relations are maintained across saccades, The results indicate that structural descriptions can be used to represent information in transsaccadic memory in a manner similar to their use in visual short-term memory.The visual world extends before us in all directions, but our eyes only pick up information from a limited portion of this expanse at anyone time. To accommodate for this limitation, we make eye movements, in order to select particular objects or regions ofinterest. Periods oftime in which the eyes are in motion are called saccades, and the intake of visual information during saccades is actively suppressed by the visual system (see, e.g., Matin, 1974). This restricts visual information input to periods of time in which the eyes are relatively still, called fixations. Despite this discontinuous input, we perceive the world as familiar (e.g., not filled with novel to-be-identified objects with each fixation) and stable (e.g., objects do not appear to move, even though their retinal positions change). How this perception of a stable visual world is achieved is a classical question in visual perception.One approach to addressing this issue has been to examine the retention of information in transsaccadic memory (e.g., Irwin, 1991), a memory store that preserves information from one fixation for use during subsequent fixations. The general methodology used to examine transsaccadic memory employs the saccade-contingent display change technique, pioneered by McConkie and Rayner (1975), which isolates the presentation of a stimulus to a single fixation. For example, a figure is presented during a single eye fixation, and a saccade is elicited; upon the detection of the saccade onset, the first figure is erased, and a second figure is presented during the next eye fixation. The subject's task usually involves a comparative judgment about the two figures. This task requires transsaccadic memory, because the first figure is no longer present when the second figure appears (Irwin, 1992a).Using such a paradigm, research has demonstrated that visual information is retained in transsaccadic memory (see Irwin, 1992b;Pollatsek & Rayner, 1992, for reviews). For example, using a picture-naming paradigm, Pollatsek, Rayner, and Collins (1984) presented s...

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Is visual information integrated across saccades?

Cited by 154 publications

References 22 publications

Detecting changes between real-world objects using spatiochromatic filters

Detecting changes between real-world objects using spatiochromatic filters

Transsaccadic memory of position and form

Memory for relational information across eye movements

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