Is ventromedial prefrontal cortex critical for behavior change without external reinforcement?

Aridan, Nadav; Pelletier, Gabriel; Fellows, Lesley K.; Schönberg, Tom

doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.008

Cited by 17 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…The behavioral probe results are in line with the preregistered hypotheses, based on previous work with CAT (Bakkour et al, 2016(Bakkour et al, , 2017Botvinik-Nezer et al, 2019;Schonberg et al, 2014;Veling et al, 2017;Zoltak et al, 2018) and specifically with faces (Salomon et al, 2018). The behavioral effect of CAT on preferences is a group effect comprised of individual variability across participants, as highlighted in a recent study with prefrontal lesion patients (Aridan, Pelletier, Fellows, & Schonberg, 2019). Thus, our current work aimed to uncover both the common neural modifications across the entire group, as well as the neural signatures associated with individual differences in behavior, using face stimuli.…”

Section: Connectivity Analysis Using Gppi During Trainingsupporting

confidence: 87%

Enhanced striatal and prefrontal activity is associated with individual differences in nonreinforced preference change for faces

Salomon

Botvinik‐Nezer

Oren

et al. 2019

Human Brain Mapping

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Developing effective preference modification paradigms is crucial to improve the quality of life in a wide range of behaviors. The cue-approach training (CAT) paradigm has been introduced as an effective tool to modify preferences lasting months, without external reinforcements, using the mere association of images with a cue and a speeded button response. In the current work for the first time, we used fMRI with faces as stimuli in the CAT paradigm, focusing on face-selective brain regions. We found a behavioral change effect of CAT with faces immediately and 1-month after training, however face-selective regions were not indicative of behavioral change and thus preference change is less likely to rely on face processing brain regions.Nevertheless, we found that during training, fMRI activations in the ventral striatum were correlated with individual preference change. We also found a correlation between preference change and activations in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex during the binary choice phase. Functional connectivity among striatum, prefrontal regions, and high-level visual regions was also related to individual preference change. Our work sheds new light on the involvement of neural mechanisms in the process of valuation. This could lead to development of novel real-world interventions.

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Section: Connectivity Analysis Using Gppi During Trainingsupporting

confidence: 87%

Enhanced striatal and prefrontal activity is associated with individual differences in nonreinforced preference change for faces

Salomon

Botvinik‐Nezer

Oren

et al. 2019

Human Brain Mapping

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“…Our results are in line with previous reports of choice-induced preference changes 1,3,4,6 and conceptually replicate studies showing changes in stimulus valuation by cued approach training (CAT) 5,[31][32][33] . Similar to the present approach, performance of a button press (go response) upon presentation of go stimuli during CAT induces long-term 31 non-reinforced changes of desirability of go stimuli over no-go stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Decisions bias future choices by modifying hippocampal associative memories

et al. 2020

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Decision-making is guided by memories of option values. However, retrieving items from memory renders them malleable. Here, we show that merely retrieving values from memory and making a choice between options is sufficient both to induce changes to stimulus-reward associations in the hippocampus and to bias future decision-making. After allowing participants to make repeated choices between reward-conditioned stimuli, in the absence of any outcome, we observe that participants prefer stimuli they have previously chosen, and neglect previously unchosen stimuli, over otherwise identical-valued options. Using functional brain imaging, we show that decisions induce changes to hippocampal representations of stimulus-outcome associations. These changes are correlated with future decision biases. Our results indicate that choice-induced preference changes are partially driven by choiceinduced modification of memory representations and suggest that merely making a choiceeven without experiencing any outcomes-induces associative plasticity.

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“…Our results are in line with previous reports of choice-induced preference changes (Ariely & Norton, 2008;Brehm, 1956;Izuma et al, 2010;Sharot et al, 2010) and conceptually replicate studies showing changes in stimulus valuation by cued approach training (CAT) (Aridan, Pelletier, Fellows, & Schonberg, 2019;Botvinik-Nezer, Bakkour, Salomon, Shohamy, & Schonberg, 2019;Salomon, Botvinik-Nezer, Oren, & Schonberg, 2019;Schonberg et al, 2014). Similar to the present approach, performance of a button press ("go" response) upon presentation of "go" stimuli during CAT reliably induces long-term nonreinforced changes of desirability and choice probabilities of "go" stimuli over "no-go" stimuli.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…CAT effects are independent of initial value of the stimuli and seem to depend on integrity (Aridan et al, 2019) and activation Schonberg et al, 2014) of ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and interactions between orbitofrontal cortex and ventral striatum . Importantly, the results of Experiment 5 suggest that choice-induced revaluation effects, at least for previously chosen options, seem to go beyond a trained action tendency or choice rule ("go" response), as observed in CAT.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Decisions bias future choices by modifying hippocampal associative memories

Luettgau

Tempelmann

Kaiser

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Decision making is guided by memories of option values. However, retrieving items from memory renders them malleable. Here, we show that merely retrieving values from memory and making a choice between options is sufficient both to induce changes to stimulus-reward associations in the hippocampus and to bias future decision making. After allowing participants to make repeated choices between reward-conditioned stimuli, in the absence of any outcome, we observed that participants preferred stimuli they had previously chosen, and neglected previously unchosen stimuli, over otherwise identical-valued options. Using functional brain imaging, we show that decisions induced changes to hippocampal representations of stimulusoutcome associations. These changes were correlated with future decision biases. Our results indicate that choice-induced preference changes are partially driven by choice-induced modification of memory representations and suggest that merely making a choice -even without experiencing any outcomes -induces associative plasticity. Results Behavioral ExperimentsFirst, we detailed the behavioral choice-induced revaluation effect in three independent experiments. In each experiment, participants learnt associations between neutrally rated CS and three food items (Blechert, Meule, Busch, & Ohla, 2014) serving as unconditioned stimuli (US, Fig. 1A). For each participant, the US were individually chosen based on a prior rating of subjective preference on a visual analog scale ranging from low to high preference. This rating procedure resulted in selection of a low-value (US -), an intermediate-value (US 0 ) and a highvalue (US + ) food item. Next, participants rated kanji stimuli according to their subjective preference. Six of these kanjis rated in close proximity to "neutral" (center point of the visual analog scale) were selected as CS for Pavlovian learning. Two CS each were paired with one US, resulting in three categories of differently valued CS: CS + A/B, CS 0 A/B and CS -A/B, for high-, intermediate-and low-value CS.The Pavlovian learning phase was followed by a choice-induced revaluation. From two value categories, one CS each was selected, and participants made binary choices between them, interspersed with lure decisions between non-reward-predictive kanjis (Fig. 1B).Crucially, no associated US were presented following choices, excluding the possibility of alterations in strength of stimulus-outcome associations due to directly experienced outcomes.The choice-induced revaluation phase was followed by a decision probe phase in which participants chose repeatedly between all binary CS combinations to assess preferences (Fig. 1C). The key comparison was between CS presented during revaluation versus CS from the same value category that had not been presented. Again, no outcomes were presented. Decisions are biased by past choicesThere was evidence for value transfer from US to CS across all studies ( Fig. 1E-H), as indicated by significant main effects of CS value on probe phase choice probabilit...

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Is ventromedial prefrontal cortex critical for behavior change without external reinforcement?

Cited by 17 publications

References 39 publications

Enhanced striatal and prefrontal activity is associated with individual differences in nonreinforced preference change for faces

Enhanced striatal and prefrontal activity is associated with individual differences in nonreinforced preference change for faces

Decisions bias future choices by modifying hippocampal associative memories

Decisions bias future choices by modifying hippocampal associative memories

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