Is Urbanization Good for the Climate? A Cross-County Analysis of Impervious Surface, Affluence, and the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being

Greiner, Patrick Trent; Shtob, Daniel A.; Besek, Jordan Fox

doi:10.1177/2378023119896896

Cited by 10 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(110 reference statements)

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“…Research in environmental sociology demonstrates the importance of economic development in the formation of environmental degradation (Smith and Lengefeld 2020;York, Rosa, and Dietz 2003), and thus we include a measure of economic development, county-level gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and its quadratic from the Bureau of Economic Analysis for the year 2014. Previous research demonstrates that metro areas report greater air pollution, and we employ the county-level metropolitan area status derived from the USDA ERS Rural-Urban Continuum Codes (Greiner, Shtob, and Besek 2020;Jorgenson et al 2010;Li evanos 2019b). Recent research stresses the importance of income inequality, so we use the county-level Gini Index, a widely used measure of inequality that is scaled from 0 to 1 and came from the ACS (Hill et al 2019).…”

Section: Additional Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Military’s Role in Producing Air Toxics Disparities in the United States: A Critical Environmental Justice Approach

Alvarez

Shtob

Theis³

2022

Social Problems

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The negative environmental, health, and social effects arising from U.S. military action in communities both domestically and abroad suggest that the military represents an understudied institutional source of environmental injustice. Moreover, scholars and activists have long argued that the state is an active or a tacit contributor to environmental inequality, thus providing an opportunity to link U.S. military activity with approaches to the state developed under critical environmental justice. We build on these literatures to ask: Does the presence of domestic military facilities significantly increase carcinogenic risks from air toxics? And do communities of color face additional military-associated carcinogenic risks? Multilevel analyses reveal that locales in closer proximity to a military facility and those exposed to greater military technological intensity, independent of each other, experience significantly higher carcinogenic risk from air toxics. We find that proximity to military facilities tends to intensify racial and ethnic environmental inequalities in exposure to airborne toxics, but in different ways for Latinx and Black populations. These results highlight the role of the state in perpetuating racial and environmental expendability as reflected in critical environmental justice and represent an important expansion of nationwide environmental justice studies on contributors to environmental inequality.

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Section: Additional Independent Variablesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Military’s Role in Producing Air Toxics Disparities in the United States: A Critical Environmental Justice Approach

Alvarez

Shtob

Theis³

2022

Social Problems

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“…We examined impervious area as another measure of urbanization. Impervious area is related to population density but captures a distinct component of urbanization related to land use/cover change 65 , 66 . We derived impervious area metrics for each PURE community using the global artificial impervious area (GAIA) dataset 67 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urbanization and physical activity in the global Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study

Boakye

Bovbjerg

Schuna

et al. 2023

Sci Rep

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Urbanization may influence physical activity (PA) levels, although little evidence is available for low- and middle- income countries where urbanization is occurring fastest. We evaluated associations between urbanization and total PA, as well as work-, leisure-, home-, and transport-specific PA, for 138,206 adults living in 698 communities across 22 countries within the Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. The 1-week long-form International PA Questionnaire was administered at baseline (2003–2015). We used satellite-derived population density and impervious surface area estimates to quantify baseline urbanization levels for study communities, as well as change measures for 5- and 10-years prior to PA surveys. We used generalized linear mixed effects models to examine associations between urbanization measures and PA levels, controlling for individual, household and community factors. Higher community baseline levels of population density (− 12.4% per IQR, 95% CI − 16.0, − 8.7) and impervious surface area (− 29.2% per IQR, 95% CI − 37.5, − 19.7), as well as the rate of change in 5-year population density (− 17.2% per IQR, 95% CI − 25.7, − 7.7), were associated with lower total PA levels. Important differences in the associations between urbanization and PA were observed between PA domains, country-income levels, urban/rural status, and sex. These findings provide new information on the complex associations between urbanization and PA.

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“…ISAs are ground surfaces through which water cannot penetrate, such as surfaces covered by buildings, hardened pavement, and stadiums [4]. As the impervious surface is closely related to commercial, industrial, and residential areas, it has been widely applied as an important indicator of land use/land cover transformation from natural features to urban features [5][6][7]. From an urban hydrology perspective, the increasing coverage of impervious surfaces increases the speed and volume of urban surface runoff, greatly increasing the pressure on municipal drainage and flood control [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Impervious Surfaces over Dongying Based on Landsat Data

Shen

Shuai

et al. 2021

Remote Sensing

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It is necessary to understand the relationship between the impervious surface area (ISA) distribution, variation trends and potential driving forces over Dongying, Shandong Province. We extracted ISA information from Landsat images with 3–5 year intervals during 1995 to 2018 using Minimum Noise Fraction (MNF) transform, Pixel Purity Index (PPI), and Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis (LSMA), followed by the analysis on three driving forces of ISA expansion (physical geography, socioeconomic factors, and urban cultural features). Our results show the retrieved ISA thematic map fit the limited requirement of root mean square error (RMSE). The correct classification accuracy of ISA is greater than 83.08%. Further, the cross–comparison exhibits the general consistent with the ISA distribution of the land use classification map published by the National Basic Geographic Information Center. The gradual increasing trend can be captured on the expansion of ISA from 1995 to 2018. Despite of the central region always shown as the high ISA density, it still keeps increasing annually and radiating the surrounding region, especially in the southward which has formed into a new large–scale and high intensity of ISA in 2015–2018. Though the ISA patches scattered in the west region or along the northern and eastern part of the ocean coastline are still small, the expansion trend of ISA can be detected. The expansion intensity index (EII) of ISA measuring the situation of its expansion changes from the lowest value 0.12% between 1995 and 2000 up to the highest 0.73% between 2000 and 2005. Richly endowed by nature, the city’s natural geographical environment provides an elevated chance of further urbanization. The rapid increase of regional economy provides a fundamental driving force for expanding ISAs. The development of urban culture promotes the sustainable development of ISAs. Our results provide a scientific basis for future urban land use management, construction planning, and environmental protection in Dongying.

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Is Urbanization Good for the Climate? A Cross-County Analysis of Impervious Surface, Affluence, and the Carbon Intensity of Well-Being

Cited by 10 publications

References 52 publications

Analyzing the Military’s Role in Producing Air Toxics Disparities in the United States: A Critical Environmental Justice Approach

Analyzing the Military’s Role in Producing Air Toxics Disparities in the United States: A Critical Environmental Justice Approach

Urbanization and physical activity in the global Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study

Extraction and Spatio-Temporal Analysis of Impervious Surfaces over Dongying Based on Landsat Data

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