Is Tourette syndrome a cause of sudden infant death syndrome and childhood obstructive sleep apnea?

Sverd, Jeffrey; Montero, G.

doi:10.1002/ajmg.1320460506

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The father had a history of alcoholism (A) and drug addiction (D), and an antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). A nephew died of sudden infant death disorder (SIDS), which is increased in frequency in TS and ADHD families 217,218. The mother had problems with PCP abuse.…”

Section: The Increased Frequency Of Adhd In the Relatives Of Adhd Promentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical and Molecular Genetics of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome

Comings

2001

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

133

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ADHD is a polygenic disorder due to the additive effect of genes affecting dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, GABA, and other neurotransmitters. Some of the specific loci involved are dopamine genes—DRD2, DRD4, DRD5, and the dopamine transporter; norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EPI) genes—dopamine b‐hydroxylase, ADRA2A, ADRA2C, PNMT, norepinephrine transporter, MAOA, COMT; serotonin genes—TDO2, HTR1A, HTR1DA, serotonin transporter; GABA genes—GABRB3; androgen receptor and other genes. This model is consistent with all of the present knowledge about ADHD including (a) the increased frequency of ADHD in the relatives of ADHD probands, (b) the presence of a wide spectrum of comorbid behaviors (depression, anxiety, learning, conduct, oppositional‐defiant, conduct and substance abuse disorders) in ADHD probands and their relatives on both parental sides, (c) the close relationship to Tourette syndrome (TS), (d) the failure to find the genes for TS using linkage analysis, (e) the brain imaging studies showing hypometabolism of the frontal lobes, (f) the relationship between dopamine D2 receptor density and regional blood flow, (g) the correlation between tics and dopamine D2 receptor density in TS, (h) the motor hyperactivity of dopamine transporter and dopamine D3 receptor gene knockout mice, (i) the LeMoal and Shaywitz dopamine deficiency animal models of ADHD, (j) the NE models of ADHD, (k) the failure to explain ADHD on the basis of any single neurotransmitter defect, (l) the response of ADHD to dopamine and a2‐adrenergic agonists, (m) the small percentage of the variance of specific behaviors accounted for by each gene, and numerous other aspects of ADHD. The implications of the polygenic model for the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of ADHD and TS, as well as other psychiatric disorders, are reviewed.

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Section: The Increased Frequency Of Adhd In the Relatives Of Adhd Promentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A nephew died of sudden infant death disorder (SIDS), which is increased in frequency in TS and ADHD families. 217,218 The mother had problems with PCP abuse. Her brother had schizophrenia.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and Molecular Genetics of ADHD and Tourette Syndrome

Comings

2001

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

133

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“…Patient C may have experienced an apneic pause that would have run an uneventful course had he not awakened. It is noteworthy that sleep apnea may be more common in children with tic disorders Comings 1993, Sverd andMontero 1993). Furthermore, his reaction may have been heightened to the level of a panic attack, which would seem plausible given the fact that he met the diagnostic criteria for several other anxiety disorders, and panic attacks appear to be a fairly common comorbid illness in individuals with Tourette's disorder Comings 1987a, Sverd 1989).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Case Report: Four Purported Cases of Methylphenidate-Induced Tic Exacerbation: Methodological and Clinical Doubts

Sprafkin¹,

Gadow²

1993

Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology

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The role of stimulant medication in the induction and exacerbation of tics in ADHD children has been controversial. We have identified four seemingly apparent cases of methylphenidateinduced tic exacerbation that, on closer examination, did not seem as convincing as initially perceived. Case reports are presented of these prepubertal children, who experienced a marked worsening of tics during medication evaluation or maintenance treatment. Patient A is a child with severe ADHD whose tic disorder gradually became more severe during methylphenidate treatment; he was found to have less severe tic symptoms when larger doses of medication were used. Patient B is an example of apparent methylphenidate-induced Tourette's syndrome in a child who had a preexisting but undiagnosed tic disorder despite multiple evaluations. Patients C and D illustrate how standard dosage titration procedures could lead to erroneous conclusions about medication and fluctuation in tic frequency. These case reports underscore the importance of unbiased and accurate information about pretreatment status, symptom fluctuation over time, and response to medication in making appropriate clinical management decisions. It is advised that clinicians and researchers carefully evaluate apparent links between tic exacerbation and stimulant use in individual cases.Although early reports of stimulant drug therapy for tic disorders were not particularly encouraging (Abuzzahab and Anderson 1976, Shapiro et al. 1988), it was not until the 1970s that the notion became well established that stimulants were contraindicated for the treatment of attentiondeficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in child patients with tic disorder. This belief was based, in part, on reports that stimulant drugs could induce Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome (TS) (e.g., Bremness and

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“…SRBD which include OSA, central sleep apnea, sleep-related hypoventilation, and sleep-related hypoxemia disorder [ 23 ] have been infrequently reported in patients diagnosed with TD [ 40 ]. Rare cases describing the presence of OSA and sudden infant death in children belonging to TD families led to the postulation of an increased risk of life-threatening apnea in infancy for TD gene carriers [ 41 ].…”

Section: Findings Related To Sleepmentioning

confidence: 99%