Is time-based prospective remembering mediated by self-initiated rehearsals? Role of incidental cues, ongoing activity, age, and motivation.

Kvavilashvili, Lia; Fisher, Laura B.

doi:10.1037/0096-3445.136.1.112

Cited by 172 publications

(295 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…An interesting follow-up question concerns whether these spontaneous retrieval processes can be turned off by instructing participants that their prospective memory task is finished. Whether spontaneous retrieval processes can be deactivated is an important question, because prospective memory retrieval has been demonstrated during ongoing task contexts that have no embedded prospective memory task (Experiment 1), which implies that one retrieves intentions even when it is unnecessary to do so (see Kvavilashvili & Fisher, 2007, for a similar finding in a naturalistic study). However, it would be maladaptive if irrelevant (i.e., finished) intentions constantly popped into mind whenever an old cue appeared.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Evidence for spontaneous retrieval of suspended but not finished prospective memories

2009

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McDaniel and Einstein (2007) argued that prospective memories can be retrieved through spontaneous retrieval processes stimulated by the presence of a target cue. To test this claim, we investigated whether presenting a prospective memory cue during a task that did not require an intention to be performed spontaneously triggered remembering of that intention. In two experiments, participants performed an image-rating task in which a prospective memory task (to press the "Q" key when a target word appeared) was embedded. Then, participants were told that their intention was finished or suspended. Finally, participants performed a lexical decision task in which each target (and a matched control) word appeared. RTs were slower to target words than to control words when the intention was suspended but not when it was finished. These results suggest that target cues associated with suspended intentions can spontaneously trigger remembering but that finished intentions are quickly deactivated.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 69%

Evidence for spontaneous retrieval of suspended but not finished prospective memories

2009

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“…In this context, time-based tasks have been considered to be more difficult to remember than event-based tasks, because they lack an external event that signifies the opportunity for recall and require more self-initiated processing for monitoring the time (e.g. Einstein et al 1995;Kvavilashvili and Fisher 2007). Accordingly, Einstein and McDaniel (1990) proposed that event-based prospective memory tasks might not produce large age effects, while time-based tasks might be more likely to produce age-related deficits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age effects in prospective memory performance within older adults: the paradoxical impact of implementation intentions

Schnitzspahn

Kliegel

2009

Eur J Ageing

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This study investigated age effects in prospective memory performance within older adults. The first aim was to explore this issue by examining event-and timebased prospective memory performance in two age groups: young-old (60-75 years) and old-old adults (76-90 years). Moreover, this study for the first time investigated whether forming implementation intentions could be used to improve prospective memory in young-old and old-old adults. Results showed a general effect of age in prospective memory performance for both task types. In addition, no general effect of implementation intentions in prospective memory performance across both task types and age groups was found. However, testing implementation intention effects separately for both age groups revealed that the formation of implementation intentions enhanced prospective memory only for the young-old adults, but did not substantially affect the performance in the time-based task and even impaired it in the event-based task for the old-old adults. Findings indicate that the formation of implementation intentions might be a powerful memory strategy for young-old adults, but not for the very old.

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“…Similarly, Ihle et al (2012) also found no age-related difference in importance ratings for real prospective memory tasks, although again their young adult sample consisted of ''mostly'' undergraduate students. Thus, research has shown two null results for age effects on importance ratings for real-life prospective memory tasks despite prior demonstrations of the effect for experimenterassigned tasks (e.g., Kvavilashvili and Fisher 2007;Patton and Meit 1993). Therefore, additional research on age-related differences on real-life prospective memory tasks is warranted.…”

Section: Predictions For Young Versus Older Adultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…For example, compared to young adults, older adults score higher on levels of conscientiousness (e.g., Soto et al 2011) and report more goals focused on generativity (e.g., Do more work on quilts for the needy; Penningroth and Scott, 2012). Studies using experimenter-assigned naturalistic tasks (e.g., mailing postcards or making a phone call) have found that older adults rate the task as more important than younger adults do (e.g., Kvavilashvili and Fisher 2007;Patton and Meit 1993). In fact, motivational differences between young adults and older adults have been posited as a key factor in explaining the ''age prospective memory paradox'' (e.g., Phillip et al 2008).…”

Section: Predictions For Young Versus Older Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paradox refers to the finding of prospective memory performance advantages for young adults on lab tasks, but advantages for older adults on naturalistic tasks (for a meta-analysis, see Henry et al 2004). That is, for older adults especially, successful performance might depend on how important they perceive the prospective memory task to be (e.g., Altgassen et al 2010;Kvavilashvili and Fisher 2007).…”

Section: Predictions For Young Versus Older Adultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prospective memory tasks related to goals and concerns are rated as more important by both young and older adults

Penningroth

Scott

2013

Eur J Ageing

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There has been little research on variables that affect importance ratings for real prospective memory tasks (e.g., remembering to take medications). Our primary purpose was to test a claim in the motivational-cognitive model of prospective memory, namely that prospective memory tasks highly related to a person's goals and concerns will be rated as more important. We also tested whether this relationship held in both young and older adults. A secondary purpose was to investigate age-related differences in the perceived importance of prospective memory tasks. Older adults and two younger adult groups completed a questionnaire that assessed current prospective memory tasks, their importance, and whether the tasks were related to participants' goals and concerns. As predicted, participants provided higher importance ratings for prospective memory tasks that were highly relevant to their personal goals or concerns, and this was true for both young and older adults. Task importance ratings did not differ for older adults and young college students; however, young nonstudents rated their prospective memory tasks as less important than the other two groups. In all three groups, females gave higher prospective memory task importance ratings than males. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the importance of a prospective memory task is partly determined by its goal-relatedness. This newly demonstrated link suggests important avenues for future research, including research on the mechanisms through which goals improve prospective memory performance.

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Is time-based prospective remembering mediated by self-initiated rehearsals? Role of incidental cues, ongoing activity, age, and motivation.

Cited by 172 publications

References 85 publications

Evidence for spontaneous retrieval of suspended but not finished prospective memories

Evidence for spontaneous retrieval of suspended but not finished prospective memories

Age effects in prospective memory performance within older adults: the paradoxical impact of implementation intentions

Prospective memory tasks related to goals and concerns are rated as more important by both young and older adults

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