Is this urine really negative? A systematic review of tampering methods in urine drug screening and testing

Jaffee, William B.; Trucco, Elisa M.; Levy, Sharon; Weiss, Roger D.

doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2006.11.008

Cited by 118 publications

(112 citation statements)

References 29 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

106

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…However, false negative laboratory results could occur with substances having concentrations below screening cut-off values. False negative findings could also have occurred because of urine tampering (171). Creatinine and pH were, however, within recommended ranges for all samples, which indicate that tampering was not common.…”

Section: Laboratory Analysesmentioning

confidence: 80%

Drugs of abuse among acute psychiatric and medical admissions: laboratory based identification of prevalence and drug influence

Mordal

Bramness

Holm

et al. 2008

General Hospital Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Laboratory Analysesmentioning

confidence: 80%

Drugs of abuse among acute psychiatric and medical admissions: laboratory based identification of prevalence and drug influence

Mordal

Bramness

Holm

et al. 2008

General Hospital Psychiatry

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…In this study, only one adulterated cases were found. Jaffe et al [19] mentioned that, the assumption that adulteration rarely occur. They also found that, in a healthy case, the specific gravity of a urine sample is expected to be ≥1.003 and have a pH between 3 and 11; thus, a pH or specific gravity outside of this range may indicate directly a chemical adulteration [19].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To the best of our knowledge, there were a few researches concerning further urine sample validity tests for urine sample of suspected substance of abuse criminal cases, including substituted, invalid, or adulterated procedures. For pre-employment/workplace drug testing of urine samples, there have been several reports concerning urine specimen validity tests for substances abuse tests [10][11][12]. The aim of this article was to clarify our findings from urine samples adulteration attempts detected from specimen validity tests results, involving the pattern adulteration; the rates of dilution, substitution, adulteration, and finally invalid samples prevalence, in cases of pre-employment/workplace and suspected drug of abuse testing for urine samples in Saudi Arabia over one years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urine Samples Tampering Pattern for Drugs of Abuse Testing: Experience of the Saudi Arabia Poison Control Centers

Ragab¹,

Alkhayyal²,

Al-Mousa³

et al. 2017

J Addict Res Ther

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Recently, urine substance of abuse (SOA) testing in the pre-employment/workplace and suspected SOA settings has become common in many countries all over the world. There have been multiple published research recommending the performance of the urine sample validity test (SVT) for substance of abuse testing administered in the pre-employment/workplace and suspected SOA settings. On the opposite side, very little researches focusing on variable procedures of urine adulteration in (SOA) testing process, including diluted, substituted, adulterated, and invalid tests. The current research investigated 7985 submitted urine drug test samples for sample validity test from pre-employment/workplace and suspected SOA settings in Saudi Arabia over one year. All preliminary immunoassay screen-positive urine sample drug tests were confirmed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography/mass spectrophotometry. This article found that the prevalence of tampering (diluted, substituted, or invalid tests) in urine samples from the pre-employment/workplace and suspected settings were 0.87% and 0.69%, respectively. The percentage of diluted, substituted, adulterated and invalid urine specimens from the pre-employment/workplace and suspected cases were 75%, 21.4%, 1.7%, 1.7% and 63.6%, 36.4%, 0%, 0% respectively. The most common substance of abuse detected from the pre-employment/workplace and suspected specimens were cannabis, followed by amphetamines. We recommend that all urine samples taken for substance of abuse testing from both the pre-employment/workplace and suspected settings need to be investigated for validity.

show abstract

“…Urine tampering refers collectively to methods used to falsify a urine sample so that illicit substance use is not detected (Jaffee 2007). This yields a false-negative result.…”

Section: Assessing Integrity Of Samples -False Negativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Other products containing glutaraldehyde, sodium or potassium nitrate, peroxide and peroxidase, and pyridinium chlorochromate are sold to falsify urine specimens (Jaffee 2007). Several products, such as Intect 7, Adultacheck 4 and Mask Ultra Screen, can be used to check for the presence of adulterants (Peace 2002).…”

Section: Urine Substitutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing for illicit drug use in mental health services

Abraham¹,

Luty²

2010

Adv. psychiatr. treat

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

SummaryTesting for illicit drug use is used in pre-employment checks, the criminal justice system, sports medicine and for screening and confirmatory purposes in patients with physical and mental illnesses. The types of drugs tested for and the methods used vary depending on the indication. This article focuses primarily on blood, urine and oral fluids, which are specimens more commonly used in mental health settings, although hair and sweat are increasingly used in medico-legal cases and in child protection issues. The main drugs and their metabolism are discussed to gain a better understanding of the methods used and for accurate interpretation. Methods to ensure validity during sample collection are explored. False-positive and false-negative tests are common and possible confounders are discussed.

show abstract

Is this urine really negative? A systematic review of tampering methods in urine drug screening and testing

Cited by 118 publications

References 29 publications

Drugs of abuse among acute psychiatric and medical admissions: laboratory based identification of prevalence and drug influence

Drugs of abuse among acute psychiatric and medical admissions: laboratory based identification of prevalence and drug influence

Urine Samples Tampering Pattern for Drugs of Abuse Testing: Experience of the Saudi Arabia Poison Control Centers

Testing for illicit drug use in mental health services

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About