Is there penetration of titania nanoparticles in sunscreens through skin? A comparative electron and ion microscopy study

Gontier, Étienne; Ynsa, M.D.; Bı́ró, Tamás; Hunyadi, J.; Kiss, Borbála; Gáspár, Krisztián; Pinheiro, Teresa; Silva, João Maia; Filipe, Paulo; Stachura, Jerzy; Dabroś, W; Reinert, Tilo; Butz, T.; Moretto, Philippe; Surlève-Bazeille, J. E.

doi:10.1080/17435390802538508

Cited by 68 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…56 In vitro measurements of the penetration of TiO 2 particles between 20 and 100 nm showed the nanoparticles only in the top 3-5 layers for all skin samples used (porcine skin, healthy human skin and human skin grafted on a severe combined immuno-deficient mouse model). 57 Carbon nanotubes (CNT)/fullerenes. Carbon materials are considered as drug delivery systems due to their inert nature on the skin surface whereas the released Texas Red significantly penetrated the epidermis (Fig.…”

Section: Penetration and Permeation Studies Of Nanoparticulate Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles and their interactions with the dermal barrier

Schneider

Stracke

Hansen

et al. 2009

Dermato-Endocrinology

341

187

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The dermal application of drugs is promising due to the ease of application. In this context nano-scale carrier systems were already evaluated in several studies with respect to the skin interaction and the impact on drug penetration. At the same time the upcoming production of engineered nano-scale materials requires a thorough safety evaluation. Drug delivery as well as risk assessment depends crucially on the ability of such carriers to overcome the skin barrier and reach deeper tissue layers. Therefore, the interaction of nanoparticles with skin and especially skin models is an intriguing field. However, the data obtained do not show a clear image on the effect of nano-carriers. Especially the penetration of such particles is an open and controversially discussed topic. The literature reports different results mainly on pig or murine skin showing strong penetration (pig and mouse) or the opposite. Looking only at the sizes of the particles also no conclusive picture can be obtained. Nevertheless, size is regarded to play an important role for skin penetration. Furthermore, the state of the skin influences penetration (hydration) and the mechanical stress is of outmost importance. IntroductionAny kind of organism always faced nanoscale environmental compounds interacting with their exterior barrier but a significant interest in these interactions came up not until the broad ascent of artificial nanoparticulate compounds. 1 The great potential for future advanced applications in areas such as energy, electronics, automotive, chemistry and life sciences led to a rapidly growing number of nanoparticulate systems, with respect to material composition, size, shape and formulation. Nanomedicines, incorporating drug delivery, diagnostics, implants, cancer therapy, to name just a few, pose an important and appealing area for beneficial application. Regarding final applicability it is essential to investigate the various biological aspects of nanoparticle exposure to the human organism. On one hand health hazards are to be identified and assessed, on the other hand medical and pharmaceutical potentials may be discovered and exploited. The behavior of nanoparticulate substances in biosystems and their physiological effects can, up to now, neither be extrapolated straightforwardly from bulk properties nor can they be predicted from molecular properties of the constituents. The first step of any interaction between an organism and any compound is the uptake of the compound from the environment. Several pathways of absorption exist for human (and most animal) organisms of which the skin is the most obvious and easiest to reach.The present review focus on skin and its barrier as well as sink function to artificial nanoparticulate compounds. Different classes of nanoparticulate material were studied to gain knowledge on the interaction and possible impact on skin covering bio-resistant particles (e.g., metal oxide, carbon-based) and biodegradable particles (e.g., liposomes, polymeric particles). Furthermore, mainly healthy ...

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Section: Penetration and Permeation Studies Of Nanoparticulate Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanoparticles and their interactions with the dermal barrier

Schneider

Stracke

Hansen

et al. 2009

Dermato-Endocrinology

341

187

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“…J Nanomedine Biotherapeutic Discov 5: 134. doi:10.4172/2155-983X.1000134 Page 7 on skin penetration by TiO 2 and ZnO nanoparticles have shown that they are safe when applied to the healthy normal skin. However, their behavior on a skin whose integrity has been lost poses some theoretical threat to the consumers [55,56,[131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139]. Phototoxicity of titanium dioxide nanoparticles has been studied.…”

Section: Safety Of Nanoparticlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications of Nanotechnology in Dermatology and Cosmetics

Arif¹,

Nisa²,

Amin³

et al. 2015

J Nanomedine Biotherapeutic Discov

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Nanoscience is the branch of science pertaining to the study of minute particles on an atomic or molecular scale, whose size is measured in nanometers. A nanometer represents one billionth of a meter (i.e., 10 -9 m). Nanotechnology is an emerging branch of engineering that involves the use of particles on a nanoscale (1-100 nm). Thus, the application of nanotechnology in the field of dermatology is the Nanodermatology. Nanodermatology represents one of the most emerging fields for which an increasing interest is rising among scientists as well as pharmaceutical companies. Nanotechnology has revolutionized the treatment of several skin diseases. It is effective in targeted delivery of active medicaments and cosmetic ingredients. The skin forms the first point of contact for a diverse number of nanomaterials. Nanomedicine in dermatology has opened a new era in the diagnosis and treatment of various skin disorders. Possible applications of nanotechnology in dermatology and cosmetics include sunscreens, moisturizers, anti-aging formulations, phototherapy, anti-sepsis, vaccines, skin cancers, hair and nail care, etc. In this review after an introduction of nanotechnology, authors have described various types of nanoparticles followed by various possible indications of nanotechnology in dermatology and cosmetics. An account on safety of nanoparticles has also been added to the review. properties. Various other agents including vitamins (Vit. A, E, and K) and certain antioxidants like Carotenoids, lycopene, etc have been introduced in liposomes. These increase the physical and chemical stability of liposomes when dispersed in water [12]. Due to their biocompatible, biodegradable and nontoxic nature, liposomes find uses in a variety of cosmeceuticals as they encapsulate active moiety easily [11]. When associated to medication; liposomes ensure a high penetration into hair follicles [13]. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN)SLNs are colloidal carriers with size varying from 50 nm to 1000 nm. In these particles, Lipids (physiological lipids) are dispersed in an aqueous solution of surfactant or water [14]. SLNs possess various favourable properties viz., a) Presence of physiological and biodegradable lipids with low toxicity b) Occlusive properties which increase skin moisture level, c) Having a small size which ensures increased penetration of active ingredients, and d) Possessing characteristics of physical sunscreens of their own. These properties have made them popular in cosmetics [15,16]. SLNs have also been employed as topical vehicles for perfumes. When perfumes or fragrances are incorporated in SLNs, their release is delayed giving a prolonged effect of the perfume [17]. Nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)NLC particles are manufactured by using blends of solid lipids with oils (liquid lipids).The solid lipid component is usually kept in a ratio of 70:30 while for oils, the preferred ratio is 99.9: 0.1. The overall melting point of such formulations decrease in comparison to the pure solid lipid which can be exp...

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“…195 Overall, the weight of scientific evidence suggests that insoluble nanoparticles used in sunscreens pose no or negligible risk to human health 196,197,[201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210] however there are some discrepancies in the results probably related to differences in techniques and methods, laboratory conditions, and the absence of standardized evaluation protocols.…”

Section: Skin Penetrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3,[195][196][197][198][199][200] Skin exposure to nano particle-containing sunscreens leads to incorporation of TiO 2 and ZnO in the stratum corneum, which may alter certain properties due to particle-particle, particle-skin, and skin-particle-light physicochemical interactions. 195 Overall, the weight of scientific evidence suggests that insoluble nanoparticles used in sunscreens pose no or negligible risk to human health 196,197,[201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210] however there are some discrepancies in the results probably related to differences in techniques and methods, laboratory conditions, and the absence of standardized evaluation protocols.The reason for these results is unclear based on the observation that most other nano particle types (polymers, metals and carbon nano tubes) permeate the skin. The answer may be that it is possible that the particle agglomeration, 211,212 when combined with the particles' intrinsic hydrophobicity, allows particles to become trapped in the lipid lamella and remain until desquamation or sebaceous secretion removes them from follicles.…”

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confidence: 99%

Toxicity Associated with the Photo Catalytic and Photo Stable Forms of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Used in Sunscreen lotion

Pulvin¹

2015

MOJT

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Abbreviations: IARC, international agency for research on cancer; UV, ultraviolet; QD, quantum dot; ROS, reactive oxygen species; PBS, phosphate buffered saline; CB, conduction band IntroductionThe properties of materials change as their size approaches the nano particle scale, which is generally considered to be that with at least one dimension of 100nm or less. The toxicity of nanoparticles has been linked to such characteristics as elemental composition, charge, shape, Crystallinity, surface area, solubility and surface chemistry/ derivatization. [1][2][3][4][5][6] Understanding the nano particle-cell interaction is thought to be critical for the safe development of nano materials. 7 It seems unlikely that the potential toxicity of nanoparticles and the underlying mechanisms can be predicted or explained by any single unifying concept.This review is focused on Titania (TiO 2 ) for which there is substantial interest in the chemical, biological, and industrial worlds because of its fascinating and useful physicochemical properties. Currently, information describing the relative health and environmental risks associated with nano-TiO 2 is severely lacking. Only recently, critical questions regarding the potential human health and environmental impact of nano-TiO 2 have been raised. [8][9][10][11] TiO 2 particles have long been considered to pose little risk to respiratory health because they are both chemically and thermally stable. 12 However, TiO 2 is classified as a Group 2B carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) based on the findings of lung tumor induction in female rats. 13,14 Nano-TiO 2 is attractive for use in a large number of applications based on its unique optical and photo catalytic properties, tunable band gap, thermal stability, chemical resistance and hardness.15Because of the relatively large band-gap, the particles absorb the higher-energy (shorter wavelength) ultraviolet radiation making it a useful constituent in sunscreen products. TiO 2 photo catalysis is widely used in the fields of wastewater treatment, 16 sterilization, 17 self-cleaning, 18 hydrogen evolution, 19 and photoelectron chemical conversion. 20 Normally, TiO 2 can only be excited with ultraviolet (UV) light because of its wide band gap, 21 although this is considered a drawback when photo catalytic conversion is desired under visible light. The crystalline structure is the major factor determining the band gap, but secondary factors include the particle size and the presence of defects (physical or chemical). 22,23 A large surface-tomass ratio of the nanoparticles helps to promote catalytic reactions, and increases their ability to absorb and carry other compounds. Their surface reactivity originates from quantum phenomena that can make nano-TiO 2 seemingly unpredictable. 24Engineered nano-TiO 2 is designed to impart specific characteristics that vary according to their use. Aside from unique nanoscale properties (size, Crystallinity, reactivity, and thermodynamics), nanoTiO 2 may be funct...

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Is there penetration of titania nanoparticles in sunscreens through skin? A comparative electron and ion microscopy study

Cited by 68 publications

References 39 publications

Nanoparticles and their interactions with the dermal barrier

Nanoparticles and their interactions with the dermal barrier

Therapeutic and Diagnostic Applications of Nanotechnology in Dermatology and Cosmetics

Toxicity Associated with the Photo Catalytic and Photo Stable Forms of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Used in Sunscreen lotion

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