Is there an effect of prenatal breech position on locomotion at 2.5 years?

Fetal leg posture in uncomplicated breech and cephalic pregnancies

“…In previous publications on observations in the same groups of fetuses, we found that the development of a lateralized head position preference was clearly less outspoken in the breech fetuses when compared to the cephalic fetuses, especially after 36 weeks gestational age [7]. When studying the development of arm posture, we observed that, after 36 weeks gestational age, the breech fetuses showed significantly less wrist flexion when compared to the cephalic fetuses [6].…”

“…Concerning the motor activity, limitation of the environment by reduced amniotic fluid was found to result in the temporary reduction of qualitative aspects of fetal and neonatal movement [15]. Environmental influen-posture of the fetal head, as well as fetal arm, position in breech fetuses when compared to cephalic fetuses [6,7].…”

Approach to pediatric rotational limb deformities

“…Interestingly, an observational study conducted in 2007 found no significant difference in limb orientation or a higher incidence of rotational deformity in infants born in either vertex and breech position. 2…”

Breech presentation is associated with lower adolescent tibial bone strength

“…Postnatally, reduced active and locomotory movements [20], a restricted range of joint motion and altered joint position [11,[20][21][22][23] and shorter periods of sustained movements [24] have been observed in breech presentation. Effects on motor ability in later life are unclear [21,25], although there may be differences in gait [25]. However, whilst there is some evidence of lower hip bone mass in breech babies in early childhood [19], it is unknown whether these deficits are still evident in later life closer to the time of peak bone mass.…”