Is there an association between urine biochemical parameters on admission and the severity OF COVID‐19?

Abstract

In late 2019, a pneumonia epidemic began in Wuhan, China's Hubei Province, with a primarily unknown cause, which is now known to have spread significantly worldwide. 1 The virus that caused the disease was initially named the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and later the World Health Organization described this disease as coronavirus disease-2019 This disease usually affects individuals between the ages of 30 and 79 years. About half of those with COVID-19 have mild or indeterminate symptoms. Significant symptoms in symptomatic patients include fatigue, fever, cough, muscle pain and shortness of breath. 2,3 Sometimes, more critical conditions, such as acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and multi-organ failure can be observed.Patients with these severe conditions often have comorbid diseases, especially hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart diseases. 3 Neutrophilia and lymphopenia are the most common laboratory parameters. Abnormal liver function test findings at different rates have also been reported. Serum procalcitonin levels are generally at normal levels, while mild increases in C-reactive protein levels can be seen. Moreover, D-dimer levels are high in 30% of patients. 4,5 Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that consist of a single chain and have a positive polarity. Therefore, they do not have RNA-dependent RNA polymerase enzymes, but this enzyme code

Exploring Urinary Extracellular Vesicles and Immune Mediators as Biomarkers of Kidney Injury in COVID-19 Hospitalized Patients

“…As mentioned above, patients with severe COVID-19 can develop AKI and require hemodialysis [ 1 , 2 ]; thus, studies have been investigating potential early indicators of kidney injury, which could be potentially considered for a thorough evaluation of these patients. Even though the analysis of proteinuria did not show significant results here, other studies have reported that proteinuria is associated with COVID-19 severity and mortality [ 26 , 27 , 39 ]. Moreover, in a previous report, we demonstrated that serum biomarkers such as sCr, ferritin, albumin, and CRP were associated with death in a larger cohort [ 40 ].…”

“…This was accompanied by elevated serum urea, proteinuria, and albuminuria, especially in patients with severe/critical disease. In this context, urinary abnormalities such as proteinuria, hematuria, glycosuria, and urine pH modifications were reported in SARS-CoV-2 infection [ 26 , 27 ]. However, as far as we know, the assessment of uEVs in COVID-19 has not yet been investigated.…”

Subclinical Acute Kidney Injury in COVID-19: Possible Mechanisms and Future Perspectives

“…The prevalence of proteinuria was found to be high among patients with COVID-19, even those who did not develop AKI [52]. Furthermore, the correlation between proteinuria and glycosuria with the severity of the COVID-19 disease has been demonstrated [53,54]. These data indicate a role for PT protein reabsorption in this process.…”

Urine Parameters in Patients with COVID-19 Infection

“…The incidence of these two parameters was not as high as in the previously mentioned studies; however, it can predict adverse renal outcomes in long-term follow-up since Omicron infections may cause new kidney involvement [45]. for GLU [7,8,11]; for LEU (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,42], (b) COVID-19 AKI [25]; for KET [16]; for SG [4,5,10,16]; for BLOOD (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,10,11,29], (b) COVID-19 AKI [16,22,44], (c) COVID-19 mortality [14,16].…”

“…In addition, the simultaneous increase in combined PRO and haematuria correlated with mortality in COVID-19 patients [12]. for GLU [7,8,11]; for LEU (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,42], (b) COVID-19 AKI [25]; for KET [16]; for SG [4,5,10,16]; for BLOOD (a) severe and critical COVID-19 [7,8,10,11,29], (b) COVID-19 AKI [16,22,44], (c) COVID-19 mortality [14,16].…”