Is There a Temperature?

Consequences of temperature fluctuations in observables measured in high-energy collisions

“…(2) [9,10]. Notwithstanding vivid discussions concerning the legitimacy of such a possibility [120][121][122][123][124], this idea has been further elaborated and generalized in [8,[15][16][17].…”

“…However, closer inspection of both approaches reveals that the corresponding nonextensivity parameters (say q and q , respectively) are not identical. In fact one encounters a sort of duality, like q = 2 − q discussed, for example, in [82,[15][16][17]. We shall now address this problem in more detail (cf.…”

“…This idea was further developed in [15][16][17] (where problems connected with the notion of temperature in such cases were addressed). This forms a basis for so-called superstatistics [18,19].…”

“…To those quoted previously in [8] one should add some new results from refs. [20,31] and presented in [17]. The most recent applications of this approach come from the STAR and PHENIX Collaborations at RHIC [32,33] and from the CMS [34,35], ALICE [36,37] and ATLAS [38] Collaborations at LHC (see also a recent compilation [39,40]) 4 .…”

Non-Extensive Entropic Distance Based on Diffusion: Restrictions on Parameters in Entropy Formulae

“…Instead of treating the temperature or its inverse as a fluctuating quantity, one may also consider the number of degrees of freedom, and hence the dimensionality of phase space, as a fluctuating quantity. In [19][20][21][22][23] it has been shown that simple fluctuation patterns of the particle number, N, influencing the phase space volume Ω occupied by an ideal gas, can lead both to an exponential distribution of exp(−ω/T) by a Poisson N distribution, or to cut power-law like Tsallis-Pareto distribution by a negative binomial N distribution. In general, a trace form entropy,…”