Is There a Glass Ceiling over Europe? Exploring the Gender Pay Gap across the Wage Distribution

Arulampalam, Wiji; Booth, Alison L.; Bryan, Mark L.

doi:10.1177/001979390706000201

Cited by 697 publications

(779 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Albrecht et al (2003), for example, find that the occupational distribution explains more of the gender wage gap among high-wage than low-wage Swedish workers. Barón and Cobb-Clark (2010) find similar results for Australian women in both private-and public-sector employment, while Arulampalam et al (2007) find the same for some (though not all) European countries. Although we do not present the results here, we investigated this issue by re-estimating our model for women with high versus low educational attainment.…”

Section: Sensitivity Analysis: Accounting For Occupationmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…We believe that a model of discrimination against women -rather than favouritism towards men -provides the more interesting counterfactual for our purposes (see Arulampalam et al, 2007;Neumark, 1988).…”

Section: Decomposing the Gender Wage Gapmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…This approach, however, makes the strong assumption that the distribution of men's and women's employment across occupations is exogenous. Moreover, using this approach to estimate the extent of labour market discrimination is appropriate only to the extent that gender segregation stems from individuals' unobserved human capital or job preferences rather than from discriminatory factors (see for example, Arulampalam et al, 2007;Miller, 1987). In contrast, we adopt the approach proposed by Brown et al (1980) which extends the traditional Oaxaca (1973) and Blinder (1973) decomposition to account for the role of gender differences in occupational attainment in producing the overall gap in relative wages.…”

Section: Decomposing the Gender Wage Gapmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Noncognitive skills, occupational attainment, and relative wages

Cobb‐Clark¹,

Tan²

2011

Labour Economics

181

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This paper examines whether men's and women's noncognitive skills influence their occupational attainment and, if so, whether this contributes to the disparity in their relative wages. We find that noncognitive skills have a substantial effect on the probability of employment in many, though not all, occupations in ways that differ by gender. Consequently, men and women with similar noncognitive skills enter occupations at very different rates. Women, however, have lower wages on average not because they work in different occupations than men do, but rather because they earn less than their male colleagues employed in the same occupation. On balance, women's noncognitive skills give them a slight wage advantage. Finally, we find that accounting for the endogeneity of occupational attainment more than halves the proportion of the overall gender wage gap that is unexplained.

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Section: Sensitivity Analysis: Accounting For Occupationmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Decomposing the Gender Wage Gapmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Decomposing the Gender Wage Gapmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Noncognitive skills, occupational attainment, and relative wages

Cobb‐Clark¹,

Tan²

2011

Labour Economics

181

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“…between the genders and a component due to the difference in the distributions of rewards to these characteristics between the genders. Such studies include Albrecht, Björklund, and Vroman (2003) for Sweden, de la Rica, Dolado, and Llorens (2007) for Spain, and Arulampalam, Booth, and Bryan (2007) across several European countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Counterfactual distributions with sample selection adjustments: Econometric theory and an application to the Netherlands

2009

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Several recent papers use the quantile regression decomposition method of Machado and Mata (2005) to analyze the gender gap in log wages across the distribution. Since employment rates often differ substantially by gender, sample selection is potentially a serious issue for such studies. To address this issue, we extend the Machado-Mata technique to account for selection. In addition, we prove that this procedure yields consistent and asymptotically normal estimates of the quantiles of the counterfactual distribution that it is designed to simulate.We illustrate our approach by analyzing the gender log wage gap between men and women who work full time in the Netherlands. Because the fraction of women working full time in the Netherlands is quite low, this is a case in which sample selection is clearly important. We find a positive selection of women into full-time work and find that about two thirds of this selection is due to observables such as education and experience with the remainder due to unobservables. Our decompositions show that the majority of the gender gap across the log wage distribution is due to differences between men and women in the distributions of returns to labor market characteristics rather than to differences in the distributions of the characteristics themselves.

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“…The method estimates the marginal density function of BMI in a given country implied by different counterfactual distributions of all the covariates included. This counterfactual decomposition approach has been developed by Machado and Mata (2005) and repeatedly applied to the analysis of changes in the wage schedule across time and space (Garcia et al, 2001;Albrecht et al, 2003;Melly, 2005;Arulampalam et al, 2007). The methodology is applied here to an analysis of the variation in the BMI distribution in Spain with respect to Italy in the year 2003.…”

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confidence: 99%