Is there a diurnal variation in repeated sprint ability on a non-motorised treadmill?

Pullinger, Samuel A.; Brocklehurst, Emma L.; Iveson, Reece P.; Burniston, Jatin G.; Doran, Dominic; Waterhouse, Jim; Edwards, Ben

doi:10.3109/07420528.2013.865643

Cited by 26 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…In the current study left and right isometric grip strength followed the previously reported daily fluctuation with highest values in the evening than the morning and a variation of 4.6 % and 6.5 % of the 24-h mean, -similar to 6 % values reported by Reilly et al (2007). Furthermore, a diurnal variation in resting Trec values of 0.53°C was found, similar to values previously reported (Edwards et al 2013;Pullinger et al 2014Pullinger et al , 2018aPullinger et al , 2018bRobertson et al 2018). Our findings agree with current literature regarding time-of-day variation in Trec and muscle force output (Edwards et al 2013).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Effects of an active warm-up on variation in bench press and back squat (upper and lower body measures)

Pullinger

Robertson

Oakley

et al. 2018

Chronobiology International

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Effects of an active warm-up on variation in bench press and back squat (upper and lower body measures).http://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/12347/ Article LJMU has developed LJMU Research Online for users to access the research output of the University more effectively. Running title:Offsetting time-of-day variations in power. ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the magnitude of diurnal variation in back squat and bench press using the MuscleLab linear encoder over three different loads and assessed the benefit of an active warm-up to establish whether diurnal variation could be negated. Ten resistance-trained males underwent (mean ± SD: age 21.0 ± 1.3 yrs, height 1.77 ± 0.06 m and body mass 82.8 ± 14.9 kg) three sessions. These included control morning (M, 07:30 h) and evening (E, 17:30 h) sessions (5min standardised warm-up at 150 W, on a cycle ergometer), and one further session consisting of an extended active warm-up morning trial (ME, 07:30 h) until rectal temperature (Trec) reached previously recorded resting evening levels (at 150 W, on a cycle ergometer). All sessions included handgrip, followed by a defined programme of bench press (at 20, 40 and 60 kg) and back squat (at 30, 50 and 70 kg) exercises. A linear encoder was attached to an Olympic bar used for the exercises and average force (AF), peak velocity (PV) and time to peak velocity (tPV) were measured (MuscleLab software; MuscleLab Technology, Langesund, Norway) during the concentric phase of the movements. Values for Trec were higher in the E session compared to values in the M session (Δ 0.53°C, P < 0.0005). Following the extended active warm-up in the morning (ME), Trec and Tm values were no different to the E values (P < 0.05). Values for Tm were lower in the M compared to the E condition throughout (P < 0.05). There were time-of-day effects for hand grip with higher values of 6.49 % for left (P = 0.05) and 4.61 % for right hand (P = 0.002) in the E compared to the M. Daily variations were apparent for both bench press and back squat performance for AF (3.28 and 2.63 %), PV (13.64 and 11.50 %) and tPV (-16.97 and -14.12 %; where a negative number indicates a decrease in the variable from morning to evening). There was a main effect for load (P < 0.0005) such that AF and PV values were larger at higher masses on the bar than lower ones and tPV were smaller at lower masses on the bar than at higher masses for both bench press and back squat. We established that increasing Trec in the M to E values did not result in an increase of any measures related to bench press and back squat performance (P > 0.05) to increase from M to E levels. Therefore, MuscleLab linear encoder could detect meaningful differences between the morning and evening for all variables. However, the diurnal variation in bench press and back squat (measures of lower and upper body force and power output) are not explained time-of-day oscillations in Trec.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Effects of an active warm-up on variation in bench press and back squat (upper and lower body measures)

Pullinger

Robertson

Oakley

et al. 2018

Chronobiology International

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“…Repeated sprint (RS) performance were performed on a non-motorized treadmill (Woodway Force 3.0; WI, USA). The exact protocol has been described previously, where subjects sprint for 3-s x 10 times with 30-s recovery between sprints (Pullinger et al, 2013).…”

Section: Rs Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies have shown improvements in muscular performance (O'Brien et al, 1997;Sargeant & Dolan, 1987;Souissi et al, 2010;Stewart & Sleivert, 1998) to take place following an active warm-up while others have reported no significant effects or a decrease in performance (McCutcheon et al, 1999;Mitchell & Huston, 1993;Pyke et al, 1968;Sargeant & Dolan, 1987;Stewart & Sleivert, 1998). Further, when raising morning rectal temperature by active warm-up to values precisely found in the evening, RS performance did not increase to evening values (Pullinger et al, 2017). However, passive exposure to hot environments (either a 30-min exposure to a hot bath at 38°C, with legs from feet to pelvis immersed or 1 h at 29.5°C, 74 ±10% relative humidity ambient air) blunts muscle force diurnal variation in performance (a squat jump [SJ], a counter-movement jump [CMJ], and a brief maximal sprint on cycle ergometer; Racinais et al, 2004;.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…The exact mechanisms for this observed diurnal variation in human performance are still unknown but have been attributed to a number of factors (See Edwards et al, 2013 andPullinger et al, 2013;2014). One factor which has been proposed is the causal link of the temperature rhythm, which might be implicated directly or indirectly, where the higher evening resting core body temperature (~0.8°C in rectal and gut sites, Edwards et al, 2002) and local muscle temperature (≥ ~0.35°C in vastus lateralis at depths of 3 cm, Edwards et al, 2013;Robinson et al, 2013;Pullinger et al, 2013;2017) produce an increase in force-generating capacity of the muscle (Bernard et al, 1998;Coldwells et al, 1994;Giacomoni et al, 2005;Melhim, 1993) and neural function (reduced twitch time course or increase in speed of contraction, Martin et al, 1999). The link between core temperature and performance has been studied predominantly using either active (by means of exercise) or passive (by means of a chamber or water bath) "warm-ups" to increase rectal body temperature in the morning, to approximately, or precisely, the temperature found in the evening;…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diurnal variation in repeated sprint performance cannot be offset when rectal and muscle temperatures are at optimal levels (38.5°C)

Pullinger

Oksa

Clark

et al. 2018

Chronobiology International

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The present study investigated whether increasing morning rectal temperatures (T) to evening levels, or increasing morning and evening T to an "optimal" level (38.5°C), resulting in increased muscle temperatures (T), would offset diurnal variation in repeated sprint (RS) performance in a causal manner. Twelve trained males underwent five sessions [age (mean ± SD) 21.0 ± 2.3 years, maximal oxygen consumption (V̇Omax) 60.0 ± 4.4 mL.kg min, height 1.79 ± 0.06 m, body mass 78.2 ± 11.8 kg]. These included control morning (M, 07:30 h) and evening (E, 17:30 h) sessions (5-min warm-up), and three further sessions consisting of a warm-up morning trial (M, in 39-40°C water) until T reached evening levels; two "optimal" trials in the morning and evening (M and E, in 39-40°C water) respectively, until T reached 38.5°C. All sessions included 3 × 3-s task-specific warm-up sprints, thereafter 10 × 3-s RS with 30-s recoveries were performed a non-motorised treadmill. T and T measurements were taken at the start of the protocol and following the warm-up periods. Values for T and T at rest were higher in the evening compared to morning values (0.48°C and 0.69°C, p < 0.0005). RS performance was lower (7.8-8.3%) in the M for distance covered (DC; p = 0.002), average power (AP; p = 0.029) and average velocity (AV; p = 0.002). Increasing T in the morning to evening values or optimal values (38.5°C) did not increase RS performance to evening levels (p = 1.000). However, increasing T in the evening to "optimal" level through a passive warm-up significantly reduced DC (p = 0.008), AP (p < 0.0005) and AV (p = 0.007) to values found in the M condition (6.0-6.9%). Diurnal variation in T and T is not wholly accountable for time-of-day oscillations in RS performance on a non-motorised treadmill; the exact mechanism(s) for a causal link between central temperature and human performance are still unclear and require more research.

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“…Investigating the effect of time of day on RS ability, higher SS performance values – be it power output on a cycle ergometer (Racinais et al., ) or distance covered on a nonmotorized treadmill (Pullinger et al., ) – have consistently been reported in the evening than in the morning. Whereas RS performance decrement has also been reported to be larger in the evening vs in the morning (Racinais et al., ), others failed to observe such diurnal differences with sprint repetitions (Pullinger et al., ). Such discrepancies may relate to protocol differences between studies (i.e., exercise mode, number of sprints, work‐to‐rest ratio), training status of subjects and/or nature of the performance variables, and reliability of the fatigue resistance indices considered.…”

Section: Rs Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

Sprint performance under heat stress: A review

Girard

Brocherie

Bishop

2015

Scandinavian Med Sci Sports

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Training and competition in major track-and-field events, and for many team or racquet sports, often require the completion of maximal sprints in hot (>30°C) ambient conditions. Enhanced short-term (<30 s) power output or single-sprint performance, resulting from transient heat exposure (muscle temperature rise), can be attributed to improved muscle contractility. Under heat stress, elevations in skin/core temperatures are associated with increased cardiovascular and metabolic loads in addition to decreasing voluntary muscle activation; there is also compelling evidence to suggest that large performance decrements occur when repeated-sprint exercise (consisting of brief recovery periods between sprints, usually <60 s) is performed in hot compared with cool conditions. Conversely, poorer intermittent-sprint performance (recovery periods long enough to allow near complete recovery, usually 60-300 s) in hotter conditions is solely observed when exercise induces marked hyperthermia (core temperature >39°C). Here we also discuss strategies (heat acclimatization, precooling, hydration strategies) employed by "sprint" athletes to mitigate the negative influence of higher environmental temperatures.

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Is there a diurnal variation in repeated sprint ability on a non-motorised treadmill?

Cited by 26 publications

References 46 publications

Effects of an active warm-up on variation in bench press and back squat (upper and lower body measures)

Effects of an active warm-up on variation in bench press and back squat (upper and lower body measures)

Diurnal variation in repeated sprint performance cannot be offset when rectal and muscle temperatures are at optimal levels (38.5°C)

Sprint performance under heat stress: A review

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