Is there a clinical role for oxidative stress biomarkers in atherosclerotic diseases?

Abstract

Growing evidences suggest that reactive oxidant species (ROS) are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of the atherosclerotic diseases. Markers assessing the oxidation of LDL and formation of eicosanoids, such as isoprostanes, were among the first that were analyzed. More recently, new biomarkers, such as endogenous secretory receptor for AGEs have been suggested to play an oxidative role in specific atherosclerotic settings, such as diabetes. Unfortunately, clinical trials included cross-sectional as well as retrospective and prospective studies which provide inconclusive results. Thus, clear evidence that oxidative biomarkers can improve risk stratification in addition to the common used atherosclerotic risk factors is still lacking. The analysis of oxidative stress focused on enzymatic systems generating ROS. The most studied enzymes were NADPH oxidase and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Experimental and clinical studies suggest that both enzymes may be implicated in promoting atherosclerotic disease. Novel laboratory methodologies have been, therefore, developed to study NADPH oxidase and MPO in patients with stable atherosclerosis as well in patients with acute coronary syndrome and cerebrovascular accident. This review will report on the more relevant studies in which the clinical application of the oxidative biomarkers was evaluated.

Propolis Reduces Phosphatidylcholine-Specific Phospholipase C Activity and Increases Annexin a7 Level in Oxidized-LDL-Stimulated Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells

“…Our previous study also showed that elevating ROS levels triggered apoptosis in HUVECs with nutrition deprivation [18]. Ox-LDL is a potent inducer of ROS, and this was confirmed in the present study; ROS level was increased in HUVECs treated with ox-LDL, whereas both types of propolis could depress ROS level, which lend support to the theory that ROS scavenging could reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases [32]. Furthermore, transcription factor NF- κ B is activated by high level of ROS [33].…”

Oxidative stress and cardiovascular disease: new insights

“…Several cardiovascular risk factors such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hypertension, atrial fibrillation (AF), peripheral artery disease (PAD), obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS), dyslipidaemia, habit of smoking, and pollution are associated with an increased production of ROS ( Fig. 1) [37].…”

Salivary Lipid Peroxidation in Patients With Generalized Chronic Periodontitis and Acute Coronary Syndrome

“…Increasing evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in the pathogenesis and progression of both ACS 12 , 13 and periodontitis 14–17 . ROS is a collective term for both oxygen radicals and certain non‐radicals that are oxidizing agents or easily converted into radicals 18 .…”