“…Atherosclerosis, the main underlying factor of CVD, is considered to be a chronic inflammatory disease with various cell types involved in this pathogenic process including differentially activated T and B lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages, DCs, neutrophils, and endothelial cells (Rafieian-Kopaei, Setorki, Doudi, Baradaran, & Nasri, 2014). Abundant pre-clinical evidences implicate the beneficial role of DPP4 inhibition in atherosclerosis and CVD, which has been summarized by several reviews (Aroor, Manrique-Acevedo, & DeMarco, 2018;Avogaro & Fadini, 2014Vedantham, Kluever, & Deindl, 2018;Zhong, Maiseyeu, Davis, & Rajagopalan, 2015).…”