Is the test of senior friendly/child resistant packaging ethical?

Bix, Laura; Fuente, Javier de la; Pimple, Kenneth D.; Kou, Eric

doi:10.1111/j.1369-7625.2009.00534.x

Cited by 17 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 20 publications

(28 reference statements)

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“…Generally, loss of function, as well the recovery of function through surgery or therapy is monitored through observation of tasks and questionnaires [5,6]. Funhermore, a need exists to improve designs of packages and everyday devices, panicularly for those with disabilities [7][8][9]. To improve design and better understand changes in hand function that occur with medical interventions, it is first necessary to understand and define the functional abilities of a normative population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Functional Finger Capabilities of Healthy Adults: Comparing Experimental Data to a Biomechanical Model

Leitkam

Bush

Bix

2014

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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The human hand has a wide range of possible functional abilities that can change with age, disease, and injury, and can vary from individual to individual and subsequently can affect a person's quality of life. The objective of this work was to develop a theoretical model of the space that is reachable by the hand, weighted to represent three types of functionality, and to compare this model to an experimental data set obtained from a healthy hand population. A theoretical model, termed the Weighted Fingertip Space, was developed using 50th percentile published hand data and ranges of finger motion. The functional abilities calculated in the model were the abilities to position the fingertip pad, orient the fingertip pad, and apply directional forces through the fingertip pad at all the reachable points in space with respect to the palm. Following the development of this theoretical model, experimental data sets from nine individuals with healthy hands were obtained through motion capture techniques. The experimental data were then compared to the theoretical model. Comparisons between a 50th percentile theoretical model and a subject with a similar sized hand showed good agreement in weighting parameters and overall size and shape of the model spaces. The experimental data set from the entire sample, which ranged from the 2nd to 95th percentile hand sizes, showed resultant models that, on average, reached smaller volumes of space, but yielded higher values of the functional measures within those volumes. Additionally, in comparison to the theoretical model, the variability of the experimental models showed that small changes in hand dimensions and ranges of motion of the finger joints had a large influence in the functional measures of the model. Combined, these results suggest that the modeling technique can calculate functional ability of the hand, but should be used on an individualized basis for evaluating changes in function (e.g., rehabilitation). Further, scaling to hand size has the potential to yield "average" models for larger population samples.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determining Functional Finger Capabilities of Healthy Adults: Comparing Experimental Data to a Biomechanical Model

Leitkam

Bush

Bix

2014

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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“…It is not unusual that medication packaging becomes a burden in the friendliness emerged after that. [68][69][70][71] Child resistance and senior friendliness is a see-saw trade-off, meaning that the more one does to produce a child-resistant package, the more difficult it will be to open, and vice versa. An important consideration here is that protection in medication packaging not only relates to keeping the medication safe along its journey through the supply chain but also refers to the safe use of the medication, which includes avoiding misleading use or counterfeiting.…”

Section: Protection Versus Openabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards patient‐centered packaging design: An industry perspective on processes, functions, and constraints

Lorenzini

Olsson

2018

Packag Technol Sci

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Medication packaging is essential to provide patients with guidance and correct use of their medicines for effective treatment. This research aims to increase knowledge about the medication packaging innovation process and its uptake towards patient‐centered packaging design. The study applied a qualitative research approach based on data from 25 in‐depth interviews with stakeholders involved in medication packaging design. The empirical data analysis revealed four themes that can improve and advance user‐centered packaging design: medication packaging innovation process, medication packaging functions and features, medication packaging design constraints, and patient‐centered medication packaging design. The findings suggest that medication packaging design is strongly affected by an emphasis on protective and safety packaging functions rather than on patients' needs. Packaging innovation usually is constrained by rigid incremental development processes, where compliance with regulations, extensive documentation, avoidance of manufacturing complexity, and considerations on cost prevail. These findings are discussed in relation to the three most evident trade‐offs for patient‐centered design: protection versus openability, utility versus cost, and complexity of manufacturability versus complexity of use. This research contributes with valuable input and additional evidence about the necessary shift to a user‐centered approach in a field that has not been design driven. This input complements previous research and provides an opportunity for industry decision makers and policy makers to lead patient‐centered packaging design that can benefit patients and relieve overloaded health care systems.

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“…The location, as reported by the authors, also seemed relevant. Single and multiple locations were identified, with the recurrent places being domiciles (14), hospitals, healthcare facilities or sheltered accommodations (13), ambulatory care (9) and community pharmacies (5). Only two studies were found involving a number of patients exceeding 1000 subjects.…”

Section: Characteristics Of the Eligible Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For instance, since the 1970s, there has been an ongoing debate regarding the dilemma of making medication packages safer for children 12 but still senior-friendly. 13,14 Additionally, the impact of packaging on medication use by seniors must be considered. As an example, packaging impacts medication errors involving patients receiving the wrong medicines, receiving the wrong dosages or failing to take medicines according to the prescribed schedule.…”

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confidence: 99%

Medication Packaging and Older Patients: A Systematic Review

Lorenzini

Hellström

2016

Packag Technol Sci

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The global challenges posed by demographic change call for more senior-friendly medication packaging. This paper presents a comprehensive integrated view and synthesis of the literature on medication packaging and older people. Considering the multidisciplinary nature of the research field, a systematic review was conducted in four databases (Scopus, Web of Science, Medline and Engineering Village), limited to original research studies containing empirical data and English-language papers, published until January 2015. Manual reference mining was carried out for other relevant papers, and a critical appraisal methodology was applied to judge the quality of the papers. In total, 34 studies are fully reviewed and classified according to the main characteristics of the studies, information about older patients and impact of the packaging on medication use. As a result, the review indicates the literature to be fragmented and diverse yet composed of two major interconnected research streams (physical functionality and user capability; medication management) and orientations (packaging; user). The physical functionality and user capability stream of research with a packaging orientation addresses child-resistant containers (CRCs), whereas the useroriented studies address openability, i.e. the ease of opening the medication. In contrast, the medication management stream of research with a packaging orientation focuses on the adherence outcomes of different package aids, whereas the user-oriented studies focus on the counselling provided by healthcare professionals and coping strategies for older patients to handle the packages. These original findings provide valuable input to researchers and practitioners and offer guidance for the further development of medication packaging.patients. According to Stegemann, 5 this '(…) means designing, developing and delivering drug products that patients can understand from the perspective of their health and wellbeing, as well as being able to manage and administer them properly'. In contrast, ranging from the social inclusivity of the aged adults to economic aspects related to healthcare costs, 6 the older population will require more healthcare expenditures, 1 including chronic disease therapies at the domiciliary level. 7 From a medication packaging point of view, these challenges draw attention to the development and design of more senior-friendly packages. Poor medication packaging can cause inconvenience, serious harm or even patient death. 8 In contrast, a patient-friendly medication package has the ability to improve medicine availability and dosing, 9 patient safety 8,10 and mobility. 11 In the development and design of senior-friendly packages, regulations must be fulfilled, and tradeoff decisions must be made. For instance, since the 1970s, there has been an ongoing debate regarding the dilemma of making medication packages safer for children 12 but still senior-friendly. 13,14 Additionally, the impact of packaging on medication use by seniors must be considered. As an e...

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Is the test of senior friendly/child resistant packaging ethical?

Cited by 17 publications

References 20 publications

Determining Functional Finger Capabilities of Healthy Adults: Comparing Experimental Data to a Biomechanical Model

Determining Functional Finger Capabilities of Healthy Adults: Comparing Experimental Data to a Biomechanical Model

Towards patient‐centered packaging design: An industry perspective on processes, functions, and constraints

Medication Packaging and Older Patients: A Systematic Review

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