Is the Macronutrient Intake of Formula-Fed Infants Greater Than Breast-Fed Infants in Early Infancy?

Hester, Shelly N.; Hustead, Deborah S.; Mackey, Amy D.; Singhal, Atul; Marriage, Barbara J.

doi:10.1155/2012/891201

Cited by 84 publications

(99 citation statements)

References 88 publications

(51 reference statements)

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“…A recent systematic review summarised the results of ‘mature’ HM samples (taken 2–4 weeks postnatally) 7, a total of the following: 415 for protein, 476 for carbohydrate and 567 for lipids, pooling data from a minimum of 18 studies worldwide, with the largest sample size of 71 in any single study. Our study is therefore far larger than any other reported, allowing informative associations with HM macronutrient contents in the range of the previously pooled meta‐analysed values.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is unclear whether the slower infancy weight gain in breast‐fed babies is a result of lower total calorie intake or related to the nutrient composition of human breast milk (HM). Previous studies documenting HM energy or macronutrient contents have been recently reviewed 7, 8. Most were performed in small sample sizes, and few attempted to assess the influence of HM composition on subsequent infancy growth outcomes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Breast milk nutrient content and infancy growth

Prentice

Ong

Schoemaker³

et al. 2016

Acta Paediatrica

155

117

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AimBenefits of human breast milk (HM) in avoiding rapid infancy weight gain and later obesity could relate to its nutrient content. We tested the hypothesis that differential HM total calorie content (TCC) or macronutrient contents may be associated with infancy growth.Methods HM hindmilk samples were collected at ages 4–8 weeks from 614 mothers participating in a representative birth cohort, with repeated infancy anthropometry. HM triglyceride (fat), lipid analytes and lactose (carbohydrate) were measured by 1H‐NMR, and protein content by the Dumas method. TCC and %macronutrients were determined.ResultsIn 614 HM samples, fat content was as follows: [median(IQR)]: 2.6 (1.7–3.6) g/100 mL, carbohydrate: 8.6 (8.2–8.8) g/100 mL, protein: 1.2 (1.1–1.2) g/100 mL; TCC: 61.8 (53.7–71.3) kcal/100 mL. HM of mothers exclusively breast feeding vs. mixed feeding was more calorific with higher %fat, lower %carbohydrate and lower %protein. Higher HM TCC was associated with lower 12‐months body mass index (BMI)/adiposity, and lower 3–12 months gains in weight/BMI. HM %fat was inversely related to 3–12 months gains in weight, BMI and adiposity, whereas %carbohydrate was positively related to these measures. HM %protein was positively related to 12‐months BMI.Conclusion HM analysis showed wide variation in %macronutrients. Although data on milk intakes were unavailable, our findings suggest functional relevance of HM milk composition to infant growth.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast milk nutrient content and infancy growth

Prentice

Ong

Schoemaker³

et al. 2016

Acta Paediatrica

155

117

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This may be attributable to low self-regulation of food intake and over-consumption of energy in formula-fed infants. 46,47 Adjusted for corresponding growth measure at 6 months; the other 3 dietary patterns; household income; maternal age, race/ethnicity, education level, pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational diabetes, gestational weight gain; and child gender and gestational age.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sociodemographic Differences and Infant Dietary Patterns

Wen

Kong

Eiden³

et al. 2014

Pediatrics

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OBJECTIVES: To identify dietary patterns in US infants at age 6 and 12 months, sociodemographic differences in these patterns, and their associations with infant growth from age 6 to 12 months. METHODS: We analyzed a subsample (760 boys and 795 girls) of the Infant Feeding Practices Study II (2005–2007). Mothers reported their infants’ intakes of 18 types of foods in the past 7 days, which were used to derive dietary patterns at ages 6 and 12 months by principal component analysis. RESULTS: Similar dietary patterns were identified at ages 6 and 12 months. At 12 months, infants of mothers who had low education or non-Hispanic African American mothers (vs non-Hispanic white) had a higher score on “High sugar/fat/protein” dietary pattern. Both “High sugar/fat/protein” and “High dairy/regular cereal” patterns at 6 months were associated with a smaller increase in length-for-age z score (adjusted β per 1 unit dietary pattern score, −1.36 [95% confidence interval (CI), −2.35 to −0.37] and −0.30 [−0.54 to −0.06], respectively), while with greater increase in BMI z score (1.00 [0.11 to 1.89] and 0.32 [0.10 to 0.53], respectively) from age 6 to 12 months. The “Formula” pattern was associated with greater increase in BMI z score (0.25 [0.09 to 0.40]). The “Infant guideline solids” pattern (vegetables, fruits, baby cereal, and meat) was not associated with change in length-for-age or BMI z score. CONCLUSIONS: Distinct dietary patterns exist among US infants, vary by maternal race/ethnicity and education, and have differential influences on infant growth. Use of “Infant guideline solids” with prolonged breastfeeding is a promising healthy diet for infants after age 6 months.

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“…Three stages are differentiated: colostrum (1-5 days post-delivery), transitional milk (6-15 days post-delivery) and mature milk (>15 days post-delivery). The difference in the composition of main macronutrients between these stages is well documented (Jenness, 1979;Jensen, 1999;Hester et al, 2012;Guesnet et al, 2013;Michalski, 2013). Less data is available about the variation of composition and structure of lipids in mature milk as lactation time progress.…”

Section: Fields Of Innovations Corresponding To Staging Infant Formulmentioning

confidence: 94%

Towards infant formula biomimetic of human milk structure and digestive behaviour

Bourlieu-Lacanal

Deglaire

Oliveira

et al. 2017

OCL

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-Lipids of human milk or infant formula convey most of the energy necessary to support the newborn growth. Until recently, infant formula chemical composition had been optimized but not their structure. And yet, more and more proofs of evidence have shown that lipids structure in human milk modulates digestion kinetics and is involved in metabolic programming. Indeed there is a striking difference of structure between human milk which is an emulsion based on dispersed milk fat globules (4 mm) secreted by the mammary gland and submicronic neoformed lipid droplets (0.5 mm) found in infant formula. These droplets result from a series of operation units. This difference of structure modifies digestion kinetics and emulsion disintegration in the intestinal tract of the newborn. This difference persists along gastric phase which is mainly dominated by acid and enzyme-induced aggregation. Lipid droplets size is thus the key parameter to control gastric lipolysis and emptying and intestinal lipolysis. This parameter also controls proteolysis since adsorbed proteins are more rapidly hydrolyzed than when in solution. In animal models, these differences of lipid structure would also impact digestive and immune systems' maturation and microbiota. Lipid structure during neonatal period would also be involved in the early programming of adipose tissues and metabolism. The supplementation of infant formulas with bovine milk fractions (milk fat globule membrane extracts, triacylglycerol) or recent development of large droplets infant formula, along with new fields of innovation in neonatal nutrition, are here reviewed.Keywords: human milk fat globules / lipid structure / infant formula / neonatal digestion / programming Résumé -Vers des formules infantiles mimant la structure et le profil de digestion du lait maternel.Les lipides laitiers du lait maternel ou de formules infantiles fournissent la plupart de l'énergie disponible pour la croissance du nouveau-né. Jusqu'alors, la composition chimique des formules infantiles a été optimisée mais pas leur structure. Or il est de plus en plus démontré que la structure des lipides dans le lait maternel module les cinétiques de digestion et participe à la pré-programmation métabolique. Il existe en effet une différence majeure entre les émulsions natives de globules gras laitiers (4 mm) sécrétées par la glande mammaire et la structure des lipides dans les formules infantiles qui résultent d'une succession d'opérations unitaires de transformation et sont constituées de gouttelettes submicroniques (0.5 mm) avec des interfaces néoformées. Cette différence de structure modifie les cinétiques de digestion et de déstructuration des émulsions dans le tractus digestif des nouveau-nés. De façon générale, la différence de structure initiale entre lait maternel et formules infantiles se maintient pendant toute la phase gastrique, qui est surtout dominée par des mécanismes d'agrégation acide et enzymatique. La taille des gouttelettes est le paramètre clé pour contrôler les lipolyses gastri...

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Is the Macronutrient Intake of Formula-Fed Infants Greater Than Breast-Fed Infants in Early Infancy?

Cited by 84 publications

References 88 publications

Breast milk nutrient content and infancy growth

Breast milk nutrient content and infancy growth

Sociodemographic Differences and Infant Dietary Patterns

Towards infant formula biomimetic of human milk structure and digestive behaviour

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