Is the Eijkman Test an Aid in the Detection of Fecal Pollution of Water?

Brown, John W.; Skinner, Charles E.

doi:10.1128/jb.20.2.139-150.1930

Cited by 20 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 10 publications

(12 reference statements)

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“…In fact, the elevated temperature of incubation is the sole factor responsible for the supposed specificity of the medium. However, there is abundant evidence in the literature that coliforms other than fecal E. coli will grow and produce gas at 44.5 C (Brown and Skinner, 1930; Burke-Gaffney, 1932; Bardsley, 1938;Raghavachari and Iyer, 1939;Taylor, 1941;MacKenzie, Taylor, and Gilbert, 1948;Wattie, 1948;Thomas et al, 1955). Several workers have reported high recoveries of E. coli type I by the EC method (Tennant, Reid, and Rockwell, 1959;Kelly, 1960), but at the same time have noted the incidence of other coliforms giving rise to false positives.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Indicator Organisms in Frozen Sea Foods12

Raj¹,

Liston²

1961

Applied Microbiology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Enumeration of Fecal Indicator Organisms in Frozen Sea Foods12

Raj¹,

Liston²

1961

Applied Microbiology

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“…aerogenes will very rarely be isolated by the standard method. This point is very well illustrated by the recent work of Brown and Skinner (1930) who reported that, "only B. coli (never B. aerogenes) were found in human feces." However, if the fecal suspensions are planted directly into Noble's ferrocyanide citrate agar and a number of every type of colony on1 the more crowded plates is carefully picked, the coli-aerogenes organisms less frequently found in feces will occasionally be isolated.…”

Section: Coli-aerogenes Group In Fecesmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…However, Koser has shown that this type is common to soils and rare in animal feces. Brown and Skinner (1930) reported a number of "B. coli" isolated from water which utilized citrate. They did not give the indol reactions of these cultures so it is possible that these were also soil forms, similar to those described by Koser, which may be classified as either coli-like or aerogenes-like, depending upon the reactions to which the greatest significance is attached by the observers.…”

Section: Failure Of Bact Coli To Produce Indolmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coli-aerogenes Differentiation in Water Analysis

et al. 1931

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We have shown in an earlier section of this paper that a larger percentage of routine plates may contain no typical Bact. coli or Bact. aerogenes colonies, but that these cultures are often mixed and therefore cannot be differentiated without purification. Also that a surprising portion of single isolated colonies, ordinarily considered pure and usually differentiated macroscopically, are not pure. These must be purified before they can be correctly differentiated. We have shown that neither the macroscopic examination of a single streaked plate nor the microscopic examination of a Gram stain smear gives sufficient evidence of the purity of a culture. We have relied largely on certain biochemical differential reactions used in conjunction with the aforementioned tests. The efficacy of the various methods used for purification will be determined to a large extent by the use of biochemical differential methods. We are therefore going to reverse the natural order of sequence and describe the biochemical tests used before we discuss purification. CHARACTERISTICS FOR DIFFERENTIATIONIn order to differentiate the organisms of the coli-aerogenes group it is necessary to use characteristics which are different for the two types and are also stable and not easily variable in the individual species. Bergey (1925) separates the coli section or genus Escherichia from the aerogenes section or genus Aerobacter on the basis of the acetyl-methyl-carbinol or Voges-Proskauer 125 on July 15, 2020 by guest http://jb.asm.org/ Downloaded from RUCHHOFT, KALLAS, CHINN AND COULTER reaction. Kluyver andT)onker (1926) use the same reaction as a basis of separation for the group. However, Buchanan and Fulmer (1930) citing the above investigators say: Kluyver and Donker' (1926) have also showln that in a suitably buffered medium Bacterium coli does not transform all acetaldehyde to ethyl alcohol and acetic acid, but in part to acetyl-methyl-carbinol. In other words, a modification of the pH of a medium changes the metabolism to that characteristic of Bacterium aerogenes.If the above is true, this basis of classification and separation becomes rather weak.In his study of microbic dissociation Hadley (1927) reviews much of the work on dissociation of the coli-aerogenes group and shows that it has been repeatedly observed in members of this group. Unfortunately most of the investigators studied dissociation with respect to cultur al, morphological, serological or fermentative characteristics. There is a lack of data on the other biochemical variations accompanying dissociation in the coli-aerogenes group. If a simple adjustmeent in the pH of the medium, as stated by Kluyver and Donker, is sufficient to enable Bact. coli to assume a biochemical characteristic of Bact. aerogenes we would certainly expect biochemical variations in dissociants of the group. Hadley has shown that there is a variation in the production of pyocyanin and in the proteolytic power of the dissociate and the mother type of B. pyocyaneus. On the other hand Soule (1928) repo...

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“…All tubes showing no gas were reincubated and the next day any of these now showing gas were confirmed. It has been determined by previous work Skinner, 1930, Skinner andBrown, 1934) that false positive tests from feces are very rare indeed in 24 hour positive tubes and therefore confirmation is unnecessary in the lower dilutions at least. Failure to confirm the 48 hour tubes was also not common, but we did attempt to confirm all these.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%