Is the Bronchus-associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) an Integral Structure of the Lung in Normal Mammals, Including Humans?

Pabst, Reinhard; Gehrke, I.

doi:10.1165/ajrcmb/3.2.131

Cited by 218 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Differences among species are another important limitation of an animal experiment, particularly in the organization of intrapulmonary lymphoid tissues such as BALT (29,47). Despite these limitations, we emphasize that the animal experiments in the present study complemented the limitations in the human study in many ways and provided important insights regarding the role of intrapulmonary de novo lymphoid tissue in OB after lung transplantation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

The Role of Intrapulmonary De Novo Lymphoid Tissue in Obliterative Bronchiolitis after Lung Transplantation

Sato

Hirayama

Hwang

et al. 2009

The Journal of Immunology

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Chronic rejection after lung transplantation is manifested as obliterative bronchiolitis (OB). The development of de novo lymphoid tissue (lymphoid neogenesis) may contribute to local immune responses in small airways. Compared with normal lungs, the lung tissue of 13 lung transplant recipients who developed OB demonstrated a significantly larger number of small, airway-associated, peripheral node addressin-positive (PNAd+) high endothelial venules (HEVs) unique to lymphoid tissue (p < 0.001). HEVs were most abundant in lesions of lymphocytic bronchiolitis and “active” OB infiltrated by lymphocytes compared with those of “inactive” OB. T cells in lymphocytic bronchiolitis and active OB were predominantly of the CD45RO+CCR7− effector memory phenotype. Similar lymphoid tissue was also observed in the rat lung after intrapulmonary transplantation of allograft trachea (Brown Norway (BN) to Lewis), but not after isograft transplantation. Subsequent orthotopic transplantation of the recipient Lewis lung containing a BN trachea into an F1 (Lewis × BN) rat demonstrated stable homing of Lewis-derived T cells in the lung and their Ag-specific effector function against the secondary intrapulmonary BN trachea. In conclusion, we found de novo lymphoid tissue in the lung composed of effector memory T cells and HEVs but lacking delineated T cell and B cell zones. This de novo lymphoid tissue may play a critical role in chronic local immune responses after lung transplantation.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 79%

The Role of Intrapulmonary De Novo Lymphoid Tissue in Obliterative Bronchiolitis after Lung Transplantation

Sato

Hirayama

Hwang

et al. 2009

The Journal of Immunology

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“…In contrast to human lung tissue, mice have moderate amounts of BALT that normally undergo hyperplasia in response to antigen deposition [32,33], perhaps because, compared to larger species such as cattle or humans, mice have relatively fewer lymph nodes [32]. In previous studies of hRSV-challenged mice, hyperplasia of BALT (and perivascular lymphoid tissue) has been described as the primary lesion [34,35] rather than a local adaptive response by mucosal lymphoid tissue that can result as a reaction to the presence of any foreign (antigenic) material in the lung.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mucosal inoculation with an attenuated mouse pneumovirus strain protects against virulent challenge in wild type and interferon-gamma receptor deficient mice

Ellis

Martin

Waldner

et al. 2007

Vaccine

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Protective mechanisms underlying the responses to mucosal vaccination are not yet clearly defined. Using the natural mouse pneumovirus pathogen, pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), we explore responses of wild type and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) receptor gene-deleted mice to virulent challenge after mucosal vaccination with an attenuated virus strain. Serum neutralizing antibodies develop after intranasal inoculation with 30 pfu of attenuated, replication-competent PVM strain 15, which correlate with diminished gross and microscopic pulmonary pathology and protection from weight loss in response to subsequent challenge with the virulent parent PVM strain J3666. Virus replication in response to challenge was blunted in PVM strain 15 vaccinated mice, as was local production of secretory mediators IFNγ, TNF-α, MIP-1α, and MIP-2. Interestingly, responses of vaccinated IFNγ receptor gene-deleted mice were indistinguishable from those of the wild type, suggesting that IFNγ signaling may not be crucial for the generation of adaptive responses to pneumovirus infection in vivo. (150 words).

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“…Thus, in contrast to germ-free rats, germ-free pigs lack BALT. BALT is rare in normal pigs (33%), but more frequently seen in sheep [6,59]. Furthermore, BALT has a more diffuse morphology than GALT, and consists mainly of single follicles.…”

Section: Respiratory Tractmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lymphocyte migration studies

Bimczok

Rothkötter

2006

Vet. Res.

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-For maintenance of immunity and tolerance, the organs and tissues of the organism are connected by migrating lymphoid cells. Understanding lymphocyte migration is essential for many disorders and diseases -especially in the mucosa-lined organs. Detailed analyses of migrating lymphocytes have been performed in many species, especially in laboratory animals. However, important experiments in lymphocyte migration have been carried out in large animals, for example sheep, cattle and pigs. These species allow experimental procedures like in situ-organ labelling, lymphocyte retransfusion studies or lymph vessel cannulations. Such studies have made an important contribution to the understanding of the overall principles of lymphocyte migration especially in the mucosal immune system. Major results on the specific migration of naïve and memory T cells through lymphoid organs, the re-distribution of γ/δ T cells in the intestinal immune system and the emigration of newly produced B cells from the ileal Peyer's patches have been obtained in large animals. Since there are growing numbers of markers for large animals, and molecular biology methods are available in these species, experiments in large animals will be an essential tool for the understanding of lymphocyte migration especially in mucosal organs.

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Is the Bronchus-associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) an Integral Structure of the Lung in Normal Mammals, Including Humans?

Cited by 218 publications

References 19 publications

The Role of Intrapulmonary De Novo Lymphoid Tissue in Obliterative Bronchiolitis after Lung Transplantation

The Role of Intrapulmonary De Novo Lymphoid Tissue in Obliterative Bronchiolitis after Lung Transplantation

Mucosal inoculation with an attenuated mouse pneumovirus strain protects against virulent challenge in wild type and interferon-gamma receptor deficient mice

Lymphocyte migration studies

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