Is temporal order encoded automatically?

Zacks, Rose T.; Hasher, Lynn; Alba, Joseph W.; Sanft, Henrianne; Rose, Karen C.

doi:10.3758/bf03198299

Cited by 60 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 30 publications

(24 reference statements)

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The fmding that the proportion of subjects reporting multiple memory strategies increased from 20 % in the item condition to 41 % on the order task also suggests that the order task involves effortful processing. These data augment previous results (Zacks, Hasher, Alba, Sanft, & Rose, 1984) questioning Hasher and Zacks's (1979) suggestion that humans process temporal-order information automatically.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Similarities between human and animal spatial memory: Item and order information

Dale

1987

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Human subjects, sitting at the center of a circle of eight lights, were tested on analogues of radial-maze item-recognition (Roberts & Smythe, 1979) and order-recognition (Kesner & Novak, 1982) tasks. Subjects in the item-recognition condition saw a list of seven lights, and then the nonlist (eighth) light was tested against the first, fourth, or seventh light from the list. The subjects were required to point toward the nonlist light. Subjects in the order-recognition condition saw a series of eight lights, followed by a test of the first and second, fourth and fifth, or seventh and eighth serial positions. They were asked to point toward the light with the earlier serial position. Subjects' item-recognition serial-position curves exhibited a recency effect with a O-sec retention interval (Experiments 1 and 2), and were U-shaped (Experiment 1) or flat (Experiment 2) with a 30-sec retention interval. Subjects' order-recognition serial-position curves were Uvshaped at both retention intervals. Subjects' reported mnemonics were, generally, unrelated to their choice accuracy. The results suggest analogous memory processes in animals and humans.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 72%

Similarities between human and animal spatial memory: Item and order information

Dale

1987

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…These models have for the most part been replaced by conceptions of temporal coding involving contextsensitive associations (e.g., Toglia & Kimble, 1976;Tzeng, Lee, & Wetzel, 1979;Zacks, Hasher, Alba, Sanft, & Rose, 1984). However, Tzeng et al (1979) allowed that in some situations, people may judge the relative recency of items on the basis of memory strengths.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Delayed matching-to-successive-samples in pigeons: Short-term memory for item and order information

MacDonald

1993

Animal Learning & Behavior

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Short-term memory for order information in pigeons was explored by using a delayed matchingto-successive-samples task (DMTSS). Experiment 1 indicated that pigeons can accurately report the order of two successively presented samples. Experiments 2, 3 and 4 specifically addressed the representation of order information in short-term memory. Experiment 2 showed that when the duration of the first sample (S1) was very long, or when the duration of the second sample (S2) was very short, order errors increased relative to baseline (S1 and S2 of equal duration), suggesting that memory strength plays an important role in the discrimination of order. The possibility that strength information is necessary for accurate DMTSS performance was tested in Experiments 3 and 4. Pigeons continued to match accurately when memory strength and order were uncorrelated.Previous research directed specifically at the processing of sequences of events has shown that animals can learn to discriminate and to produce sequences of temporally ordered stimuli. Sequence discrimination experiments require animals to discriminate a particular sequence of stimuli from several possible alternative sequences. Typically, responding after only one of many possible sequences is reinforced. The results of sequence discrimination studies have shown that animals can accurately discriminate two-and three-element sequences (e.g., Cowey & Weiskrantz, 1976;D'Amato & Columbo, 1988; Roitblat, Scopatz, & Bever, 1987;Terrace, 1987;Weisman & DiFranco, 1981;Weisman, Duder, & von Konigslow, 1985;Weisman, Gibson, & Rochford, 1984;Weisman, Wasserman, Dodd, & Larew, 1980). Sequence production studies require animals to respond to a set of stimuli in a particular order. The reinforced order remains constant across trials, although the configuration of stimuli varies randomly from trial to trial. A considerable amount of research has shown that pigeons can learn to produce sequences of up to five elements with no explicit intratrial feedback and can generalize this production to novel stimulus configurations (e.g., Straub, Seidenberg, Bever, & Terrace, 1979;Straub & Terrace, 1981; This research was part of a doctoral dissertation submitted by the author to the University of Alberta. It was supported in part by a NSERC postgraduate scholarship and by a University of Alberta Dissertation fellowship. Preparation of this article was supported by a NSERC Operating Grant to the author. Thanks to Douglas S. Grant, C. Don Heth, Marcia L. Spetch, Ron Weisman, and especially to Peter Urcuioli, for their valuable comments on previous drafts. Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Suzanne E. MacDonald, Department of Psychology, York University (Atkinson College), 4700 Keele St., Toronto, ON, Canada M3J IP3 (e-mail: suzmac@vml.yorku.ca). 1986a, 1986b, 1987, 1991 Terrace & Chen, 1991a, 1991b. In addition, pigeons can perform quite accurately on subsets of the training sequence, indicating that they do not simply learn stimulus-response chains in the original se...

show abstract

“…However, the nature of such information is not clear: In particular, this information cannot plausibly be the temporal dates of events, given what is known about temporal encoding processes in long-term memory. Although some researchers have claimed that the dates or times of all events are tagged automatically (Hasher & Zacks, 1979;Zacks, Hasher, Alba, Sanft, & Rose, 1984), there is little supportive evidence for the existence of such a coding process, at least outside the range of short-term memory. In laboratory tasks, encoding and retrieving temporal information is an effortful process (Naveh-Benjamin, 1990), and judgments of temporal location may be made inferentially on the basis of nontemporal information (Hintzman, Block, & Summers, 1973;Guenther & Linton, 1975).…”

Section: Definitions Of Episodic Memorymentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory and Temporal Perspective: The Role of Temporal Frameworks in Memory Development

McCormack

Hoerl

1999

Developmental Review

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

An account of the development of temporal understanding is proposed which links such understanding with the development of episodic memory. We distinguish between different ways of representing time in terms of the kinds of temporal frameworks they involve. Distinctions are made between frameworks that are perspectival or nonperspectival and those that represent recurrent sequences or particular times. Even primitive temporal understanding integrates both perspectival and nonperspectival components. However, since early frameworks are event-based and localized, they are not yet sufficient for episodic memory in that they do not enable the child to think of events as having occurred at particular points in time. We describe the emergence of new kinds of frameworks in terms of the development of temporal decentering. Two levels of temporal decentering are distinguished, with the higher level involving an appreciation of how event representations depend on one's temporal perspective.

show abstract

Is temporal order encoded automatically?

Cited by 60 publications

References 30 publications

Similarities between human and animal spatial memory: Item and order information

Similarities between human and animal spatial memory: Item and order information

Delayed matching-to-successive-samples in pigeons: Short-term memory for item and order information

Memory and Temporal Perspective: The Role of Temporal Frameworks in Memory Development

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About