Is socioeconomic status in early life associated with drug use? A systematic review of the evidence

Daniel, James Z.; Hickman, Matthew; Macleod, John; Wiles, Nicola; Lingford‐Hughes, Anne; Farrell, Michael; Araya, Ricardo; Skapinakis, Petros; Haynes, Jonathan C.; Lewis, Glyn

doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2008.00042.x

Cited by 119 publications

(84 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Age, sex, birth cohort (three dummy variables representing four 20-year time intervals), and ten genetic PCs (three ancestry-informative PCs and seven PCs accounting for genotyping batch effects) were included as covariates in the model. Analyses also accounted for two environmental factors (level of urbanisation and socio-economic status) that have previously been found to be associated with schizophrenia and cannabis use (Daniel et al, 2009; Kuepper et al, 2011; Martino et al, 2008; Vassos et al, 2012; Werner et al, 2007). Based on postal code, we determined the level of urbanisation of participants’ residence (ranging from 1 (very high, >2500 addresses per km 2 ) to 5 (very low, <500 addresses per km 2 ) and socio-economic status as measured by the average income of their residential area.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short communication: Genetic association between schizophrenia and cannabis use

Verweij

Abdellaoui²,

Nivard³

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background and aim Previous studies have shown a relationship between schizophrenia and cannabis use. As both traits are substantially heritable, a shared genetic liability could explain the association. We use two recently developed genomics methods to investigate the genetic overlap between schizophrenia and cannabis use. Methods Firstly, polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia were created based on summary statistics from the largest schizophrenia genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis to date. We analysed the association between these schizophrenia polygenic scores and multiple cannabis use phenotypes (lifetime use, regular use, age at initiation, and quantity and frequency of use) in a sample of 6,931 individuals. Secondly, we applied LD-score regression to the GWA summary statistics of schizophrenia and lifetime cannabis use to calculate the genome-wide genetic correlation. Results Polygenic risk scores for schizophrenia were significantly (α<0.05) associated with five of the eight cannabis use phenotypes, including lifetime use, regular use, and quantity of use, with risk scores explaining up to 0.5% of the variance. Associations were not significant for age at initiation of use and two measures of frequency of use analyzed in lifetime users only, potentially because of reduced power due to a smaller sample size. The LD-score regression revealed a significant genetic correlation of rg=0.22 (SE=0.07, p=0.003) between schizophrenia and lifetime cannabis use. Conclusions Common genetic variants underlying schizophrenia and lifetime cannabis use are partly overlapping. Individuals with a stronger genetic predisposition to schizophrenia are more likely to initiate cannabis use, use cannabis more regularly, and consume more cannabis over their lifetime.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short communication: Genetic association between schizophrenia and cannabis use

Verweij

Abdellaoui²,

Nivard³

et al. 2017

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…IDUs have more possibilities to grow-up and continue to live in poverty and of high crime rate neighborhoods, with fewer opportunities to have a job and health insurance coverage, with limited or absent social support [43]. As a result they live marginalized in the boundaries of their community and have little chance of access to HCV treatment, to drug-addiction services and finally little prospect to live a healthy and prosperous life [49]. Of course in the context of socio-ecologic model, broader contexts such as the effectiveness of the health system and the social policies implemented are also affecting this group [50].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Access to treatment for Hepatitis C among injection drug users: results from the cross-sectional HOPE IV study

Souliotis

Agapidaki

Papageorgiou

et al. 2017

Int J Equity Health

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BackgroundEvidence suggests that Greece is among the European countries with increased trend in HCV prevalence among injecting drug users (IDUs) from 2008 to 2014. Nonetheless, the access of IDUs to treatment for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) is very limited while the risk of co-infection and transmission remains high. In an effort to better understand the inhibitors to HCV treatment, the present study aimed to investigate the main barriers to access in a sample of IDUs.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was carried out between July and September 2015 using a 23-items questionnaire. Participants were recruited from urban primary services, mobile health vans, community health services, day-care centers as well as during street work, located in Athens, Greece. Inclusion criteria were age above 18 years, understanding and speaking Greek sufficiently, HCV diagnosis, intravenous drug use. Data collection was carried out by health professionals of Praksis, a non-governmental organization. For the comparisons of proportions chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used.ResultsThe study sample consisted of 101 HCV patients, 68% male. More than 80% of study participants experienced barriers in accessing their doctor and medication during the past 12 months. The most common obstacles in accessing a doctor were “delay in making the appointment and “difficulties in going to the doctor due to health condition or lack of means of transport”. Access to physician or medication was not differed according to gender, but significant differences were found according to economic status and health insurance coverage. 56.1% of participants reported loss or treatment delay due to barriers to treatment. The majority of participants had deteriorated financial status, health status, access to health services and medication, higher financial burden for health services, worse mental health and lower adherence to medical instructions in 2015 compared to 2009.ConclusionsThe findings from the present study revealed that the vast majority of IDUs experience significant barriers in seeking HCV care in Greece, thus highlighting the need for immediate action in this particular area due to the high risk of co-infection and transmission.

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“…In Mexico, Benjet et al [9] found no significant association between family socioeconomic status (F-SES) and any illicit drug use during life. In a recent review, Daniel et al [10] concluded that cannabis use and family social background were weakly and inconsistently related.…”

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confidence: 98%