Is “shy bladder syndrome” (paruresis) correctly classified as social phobia?

Hammelstein, Philipp; Soifer, Steven D.

doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.02.008

Cited by 30 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…Paruresis is regarded as a rare form of SAD (e.g., [56] ), and is mentioned as an example of social phobia in the DSM-IV TR, but has not received much research attention. However, Hammelstein and Soifer [57] found paruresis to be distinct from GSAD and NGSAD. Clearly more research is needed.…”

Section: Fear Of Showing Anxiety Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V

et al. 2010

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Background: This review evaluates the DSM-IV criteria of social anxiety disorder (SAD), with a focus on the generalized specifier and alternative specifiers, the considerable overlap between the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for SAD and avoidant personality disorder, and developmental issues. Method: A literature review was conducted, using the validators provided by the DSM-V Spectrum Study Group. This review presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V. Results/Conclusions: Little supporting evidence was found for the current specifier, generalized SAD. Rather, the symptoms of individuals with SAD appear to fall along a continuum of severity based on the number of fears. Available evidence suggested the utility of a specifier indicating a ''predominantly performance'' variety of SAD. A specifier based on ''fear of showing anxiety symptoms'' (e.g., blushing) was considered. However, a tendency to show anxiety symptoms is a core fear in SAD, similar to acting or appearing in a certain way. More research is needed before considering subtyping SAD based on core fears. SAD was found to be a valid diagnosis in children and adolescents. Selective mutism could be considered in part as a young child's avoidance response to social fears. Pervasive test anxiety may belong not only to SAD, but also to generalized anxiety disorder. The data are equivocal regarding whether to consider avoidant personality disorder simply a severe form of SAD. Secondary data analyses, field trials, and validity tests are needed to investigate the recommendations and options. Depression and Anxiety 27:168-189, 2010. Key words: DSM-V; social anxiety disorder; social phobia; subtypes; classification; interpersonal; performance; test anxiety; selective mutism; avoidant personality disorder INTRODUCTIONThis review evaluates several issues pertaining to the diagnostic criteria for social phobia or social anxiety disorder (SAD) (Table 1), in light of empirical evidence gathered since DSM-IV. The review was guided by questions posed in the DSM-IV Sourcebook (Vol. 2), chapters titled ''Social phobia'' [1] and ''Social phobia subtypes,''[2] a review conducted as part of the DSM-V Stress Induced and Fear Circuitry Disorders Workgroup Conference, titled ''Social Phobia: Towards DSM V, '' [3] by questions posed by the DSM-V Anxiety, OC Spectrum, Posttraumatic, and Dissociative Disorder Work Group and by issues raised by consulted experts and advisors. The main issues to be addressed are the generalized specifier and its alternatives, the overlap with avoidant personality disorder, and developmental issues including the relationship that SAD shows in childhood with selective mutism (SM) and test anxiety. STATEMENT OF THE ISSUESThis review addresses the following questions, using the validators provided by the DSM-V Task Force: (1) What is the evidence/utility of the DSM-IV generalized specifier? If there is insufficient evidence/utility for a generalized specifier, what is the utility/evidence for alternative sub...

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Section: Fear Of Showing Anxiety Symptomsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V

et al. 2010

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“…Currently, these disorders fall under the category of social phobia. 3 As paruresis and parcopresis have a low prevalence (approximately 3%) in patients with anxiety disorders 4 the diagnosis of these events is not easily achieved by health professionals. The main reasons for underdiagnosis are the false association with organic disease, the limited knowledge of the diseases on the part of health professionals and the difficulty for the patients to seek help.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paruresis and Parcopresis in Social Phobia: a case report

Barros

2011

Rev. Bras. Psiquiatr.

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“…Si bien los clínicos discrepan respecto a las situaciones que la paruresis abarca, coinciden en el núcleo que la define: la incapacidad para orinar en baños públicos y en situaciones en las que otras personas están presentes o pudieran aparecer (Zgourites, 1987;Hammelstein & Soifer, 2006); Soifer, Zgourides, Himle & Pickering (2001, p. 6) matizan que la paruresis no se limita a los retretes públicos, sino que también acontece en casas de amigos, familiares e incluso en la propia, especialmente si alguien está esperando para entrar en el baño; por tanto, el único retrete realmente seguro para el parurético es el de su casa, siempre y cuando pueda encerrarse a cal y canto y no haya familiares pendientes de sus ocupaciones íntimas.…”

Section: La Paruresisunclassified

“…El DSM-IV-TR (APA, 2000) cataloga la paruresis como Fobia social pero algunos acreditados investigadores discrepan de esta categorización porque la paruresis no cumple suficientes requisitos para ello; por ejemplo, Heimberg, Holt, Schneier, Spitzer & Liebowitz (1993) propusieron excluir la paruresis de esta clasificación diagnóstica, propuesta que Hammelstein & Soifer (2006) han retomado recientemente por la evidencia empírica acumulada: estos autores consideran que la paruresis es un desorden funcional de la micción (functional disorder of micturition), si bien admiten la posibilidad de la existencia de diferentes manifestaciones o expresiones de paruresis: algunas se asemejarían más a una fobia social y otras tendrían una naturaleza más urológica (2006, p. 309). En un trabajo anterior, Hammelstein et al (2005) indicaban que el miedo no es un ingrediente imprescindible y fundamental de la paruresis sino otro: la incapacidad para orinar.…”

Section: La Paruresisunclassified

A theoretical and practical critique of Social Facilitation Theory

Zamora¹

2007

ATHENEAD

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La teoría de la facilitación social es una de las más paradigmáticas de la psicología social porque representa el carácter científico y experimentalista de la disciplina; sin embargo, en este artículo creemos demostrar que dicha teoría recurre a muestras sesgadas de población para validar sus hipótesis: las tareas investigadas son prácticas o productivas omitiendo otras más humanas y cotidianas como dialogar u orinar. La teoría de la facilitación social, lejos de alcanzar la objetividad, refleja la ideología de la psicología social americana porque ignora funciones humanas básicas y comunidades estigmatizados como tartamudos y paruréticos. Social facilitation theory is one of the most paradigmatic

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Is “shy bladder syndrome” (paruresis) correctly classified as social phobia?

Cited by 30 publications

References 47 publications

Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V

Social anxiety disorder: questions and answers for the DSM-V

Paruresis and Parcopresis in Social Phobia: a case report

A theoretical and practical critique of Social Facilitation Theory

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