Is Sexual Behavior Healthy for Adolescents? A Conceptual Framework for Research on Adolescent Sexual Behavior and Physical, Mental, and Social Health

Abstract

Although research has increasingly emphasized how adolescent sexual behavior may be associated with aspects of health beyond unwanted pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, no current theoretical or conceptual model fully explains associations between sexual behavior and multiple facets of health. We provide a conceptual model that explicates possible processes of how adolescent sexual behavior may influence physical, mental, and social health. Next, we review the current literature consistent with this conceptual model, demonstrating that although early sexual behavior can be associated with some negative outcomes, sex may be, on average, a positive experience in late adolescence. Finally, we discuss important future directions for research in these areas, including how individuals' attitudes about and perceptions of sexual behavior influence outcomes of sex.

Positive and negative perceived consequences of first intercourse among middle and high school students in Puebla, Mexico

“…In addition, feeling pressure to remain a virgin was associated with a larger number of both positive and negative consequences of first sex. The greater number of negative consequences for those feeling more pressure to remain abstinent is consistent with the idea that individuals who are in a context in which sex is discouraged may feel more guilt, shame or other negative feelings when they become sexually active (Vasilenko et al 2014). …”

“…For example, understanding perceptions of sexual behaviour is important, as these perceptions may influence individuals’ mental health, as well as their future sexual decision-making (Vasilenko, Lefkowitz, and Welsh 2014). Much of the literature on perceived consequences of sexual behaviour has focused on the USA; however, socio-ecological frameworks point to the importance of considering the cultural context in which individuals are embedded (Bronfenbrenner 2005).…”

A Prospective Study of Adolescents’ Sexual Partnerships on Emerging Adults’ Relationship Satisfaction and Intimate Partner Aggression

“…Vasilenko, Lefkowitz, and Welsh (2014) also stated that adolescents’ sexual behaviors influence subsequent relationships by providing “models of interactions within relationships and a context for practicing intimate behaviors” (p. 11). Vasilenko et al further argued that it is important to examine relational processes that connect teens’ sexual behaviors to future relationship outcomes.…”

Early Sexual Initiation and Mental Health: A Fleeting Association or Enduring Change?

“…Being sexually active may facilitate formation of the sexual self-concept, which is positively associated with mental health (Rostosky, Dekhtyar, Cupp, & Anderman, 2008). Romantic relationship development and sexual pleasure also benefit sexually active individuals, and these benefits may mean that repeated sexual experiences can improve mental health (Vasilenko, Lefkowitz, & Welsh, 2014). …”